1. Kinetics & Equilibrium

2. Chemical Kinetics The area of chemistry that is concerned with reaction rates and reaction mechanisms is called chemical kinetics. The area of chemistry that is concerned with reaction rates and reaction mechanisms is called chemical kinetics. The rate of a reaction depends on the collision frequency of the reactants and on the collision efficiency. The rate of a reaction depends on the collision frequency of the reactants and on the collision efficiency.

3. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates 1. Nature of the reactants 2. Concentration of the reactants 3. Surface area 4. Temperature 5. Catalyst

4. Nature of Reactants The rate of reaction depends on the particular reactants and bonds involved. The rate of reaction depends on the particular reactants and bonds involved. The more reactive a reactant, the faster the reaction will proceed The more reactive a reactant, the faster the reaction will proceed

5. Concentration In general, an increase in rate is expected if the concentration of one or more of the reactants increased. In general, an increase in rate is expected if the concentration of one or more of the reactants increased. This is due to the increased number of collisions…higher concentration = more stuff to hit This is due to the increased number of collisions…higher concentration = more stuff to hit

6. Surface area If the surface area is increased, the are more frequent collisions leading to a faster reaction If the surface area is increased, the are more frequent collisions leading to a faster reaction

7. Temperature An increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance; this can result in a greater number of effective collisions. An increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance; this can result in a greater number of effective collisions. If the number of effective collisions increases, the reaction rate will increase. If the number of effective collisions increases, the reaction rate will increase.

8. Catalyst A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently consumed. A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently consumed. On the other end…an inhibitor slows down a chemical reaction without being used up On the other end…an inhibitor slows down a chemical reaction without being used up A catalyst works by lowering the activation energy of the reaction A catalyst works by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

9. Collision Theory In order for reactions to occur, 3 things must happen: In order for reactions to occur, 3 things must happen: 1. Atoms or molecules must collide 2. The must collide with the proper orientation 3. The must collide with sufficient energy

10. Activation Energy Activation Energy the minimum amount of energy that particles must collide with to make a reaction occur Activation Energy the minimum amount of energy that particles must collide with to make a reaction occur

11. LeChâtelier’s Principle Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the equilibrium is shifted in the direction that tends to relieve the stress. Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the equilibrium is shifted in the direction that tends to relieve the stress. We will discuss concentration, temperature, volume & pressure as stresses We will discuss concentration, temperature, volume & pressure as stresses

12. Concentration CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O Which way does the equilibrium shift if [CO] is increased Which way does the equilibrium shift if [CO] is increased right right Which way does the equilibrium shift if [CH 4 ] is increased Which way does the equilibrium shift if [CH 4 ] is increased left left Which way does the equilibrium shift if [H 2 ] is increased Which way does the equilibrium shift if [H 2 ] is increased left left Which way does the equilibrium shift if [H 2 O] is increased Which way does the equilibrium shift if [H 2 O] is increased right right

13. Concentration N 2 + 3H 2 ↔ 2NH 3 Add N 2 Add N 2 Right Right Add H 2 Add H 2 Right Right Add NH 3 Add NH 3 Left Left Remove N 2 Remove N 2 Left Left Remove H 2 Remove H 2 Left Left Remove NH 3 Remove NH 3 Right Right

14. Temperature CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O  H = -206KJ Increase the temperature Increase the temperature Left Left Decrease the temperature Decrease the temperature Right Right

15. Volume & Pressure When doing volume & Pressure…you look at the number of moles When doing volume & Pressure…you look at the number of moles CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O 4 moles 2 moles 4 moles 2 moles If you decrease the volume (which is increasing the pressure) you are getting cramped & the molecules will want to go to the side with the fewest # of moles) If you decrease the volume (which is increasing the pressure) you are getting cramped & the molecules will want to go to the side with the fewest # of moles) If you increase the volume (which is decreasing the pressure) you have room will want to go to the side with the most # of moles) If you increase the volume (which is decreasing the pressure) you have room will want to go to the side with the most # of moles)

16. Volume & Pressure CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 ↔ CH 4 + H 2 O Increase the pressure Increase the pressure Right Right Increase the volume Increase the volume Left Left Decrease the volume Decrease the volume Right Right Decrease the pressure Decrease the pressure Left Left

17. Volume & Pressure If the number of moles are the same…there will be no change when to the system when volume & pressure are changed. If the number of moles are the same…there will be no change when to the system when volume & pressure are changed. For example… For example… H 2 + I 2 ↔ 2HI H 2 + I 2 ↔ 2HI Volume & pressure  no change Volume & pressure  no change