1. Kinetics Reaction Rates

2. Collision theory Factors affecting reaction rate Potential energy diagrams temperature concentration Surface area catalystsActivated complex Activation energy

3. Reaction Rates A measure of how quickly a reaction occurs An experimental, measurable quantity Rate = change in property/change in time Example: Speed = miles/hour Speed =  distance/  time Chemical kinetics: the study of reaction rates and the factors that affect them

4. What could we measure for a reaction? Easily measured properties include: Change in mass of a solid Change in concentration Temperature changes pH changes Gas volume changes Color changes We must also measure changes in TIME!

5. Writing Rate Expressions For a general reaction aA + bB  cC + dD General form: We need to modify the rate expression to compensate for stoichiometry The reaction has only one rate for a given set of conditions Convention: all reaction rates are positive

6. Measuring Rates Average Rate Initial Rate Calculate average rate for early part of data when plot is nearly linear

7. What happens to the rate over time? Compare average rate at beginning vs. average rate at end Reaction rates typically slow down over time Why? There are fewer moles of reactants left, and therefore fewer collisions.

8. Collision Theory Molecules must collide in order to react. They must collide with the correct orientation. “Effective collision”  Has appropriate orientation; molecules may react. “Ineffective collision”  Doesn’t have needed orientation; particles will separate.

9. Collision Theory, cont. Molecules must collide in order to react. They must have enough energy to react. Activation Energy, E a  The minimum energy that reactants must have for the reaction to occur

10. Potential Energy Diagrams Activation Energy: from reactants to top of “hill” Transition State Aka Activated Complex High energy state, where bonds are broken and new bonds are formed  H rxn = energy of products – energy of reactants

11. Potential Energy Diagrams Which reaction would you expect to be fastest? Slowest? Why? Reactions with a smaller activation energy will occur more quickly than reactions with a larger E a.

12. Collision Theory Basic premise: More collisions = faster reaction rate More collisions = greater likelihood for effective collisions

13. How can we speed up the rate of a reaction? Increase temperature Particles move more quickly, so more possible collisions More particles are likely to have enough energy to overcome activation energy barrier Increase concentration More particles, so more possible collisions Increase surface area More particles are exposed, so more collisions are possible

14. Catalysts Speed up reaction rates, without being consumed Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysts Enzymes Catalytic RNA Catalytic antibodies Catalytic converter in car engine Effectively lower the activation energy of the reaction May even change the mechanism of the reaction