1. Human Systems Review Science Department Science Standards: 9 a-e, 10a-e Ms. Martinez

2. 1. Which two body systems are involved with sending signals to help the body maintain homeostasis? Nervous System, 9b

3. Nervous and Endocrine 1. Which two body systems are involved with sending signals to help the body maintain homeostasis?

4. 2. Which of the 2 systems listed above primarily uses chemical signals to communicate?

5. Endocrine

6. 3. Which uses both electrical and chemical signals to communicate?

7. Nervous system

8. 4. Refer to Figure 1. What does it illustrate? does this require thinking? Figure 1

9. 4. Refer to Figure 1. What does it illustrate? does this require thinking? -Reflex Arc -No

10. 5. Use numbers 1-6 to put the following steps of a reflex arc in order. The situation involves touching a hot stove.

11. 1. receptor in skin stimulated by intense heat 1. receptor in skin stimulated by intense heat 2. impulses carried from receptor to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron 2. impulses carried from receptor to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron

12. 3. sensory neuron connects with an interneuron which connects with a motor neuron in the spinal cord 3. sensory neuron connects with an interneuron which connects with a motor neuron in the spinal cord 4. motor neuron sends impulses to the muscles of the arm 4. motor neuron sends impulses to the muscles of the arm

13. 5. impulses tells muscles to contract and pull your arm away 5. impulses tells muscles to contract and pull your arm away 6. impulses reach the brain and inform you of what happened 6. impulses reach the brain and inform you of what happened

14. 1. What is a neuron? Nervous System, 9e

15. 1. What is a neuron? Basic cell of the nervous system

16. 2. What type of neuron shown in Figure 2?

17. Motor

18. 3. Label each part of the neuron:

19. A. Axon Terminal B. Myelin Sheath C. Nucleus D. Cell Body E. AxonF. Dendrites

20. 4. What are 2 examples of effectors?

21. Muscles and Glands

22. 5. Which neurons send signals to muscles?

23. Motor

24. 6. Which neurons send and receive signals from your eyes or tongue?

25. Sensory

26. 7. Which neurons carry the signals from the sensory neurons to your brain?

27. Interneurons

28. 8. Refer to Figure 1. Identify each type of neuron. A. Sensory C. Interneuron B. Motor

29. 9. Which type of matter is described below? GREY OR WHITE Grey MatterWhite Matter

30. 9. Which type of matter is described below? GREY OR WHITE a. shaped like an H, includes sensory, motor, and interneurons b. contains cell bodies c. contains axons that run together in bundles called tracts. Grey White

31. 10. Use the words listed below to fill in the sentences describing a nerve impulse: Nervous System, 9d

32. Nerve Impulse A. A neuron at rest has a negative charge __________ and a ________ charge on the outside. A. A neuron at rest has a negative charge __________ and a ________ charge on the outside. Insidepositive

33. B. When a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment an __________ begins. B. When a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment an __________ begins. impulse

34. C. This impulse triggers _______ to open. C. This impulse triggers _______ to open. gates

35. D. Positively charged ________ ions begin to flow into the neuron through these gates. D. Positively charged ________ ions begin to flow into the neuron through these gates. Sodium, Na+

36. E. The influx of sodium ions causes the inside of the cell to switch from a ________ charge to a positive charge. E. The influx of sodium ions causes the inside of the cell to switch from a ________ charge to a positive charge. negative

37. F. This reversal of charge is known as the __________ potential. F. This reversal of charge is known as the __________ potential. action

38. G. In response, ____________ channels open allowing ______________ charged potassium ions to flow out. G. In response, ____________ channels open allowing ______________ charged potassium ions to flow out. Potassium, K+ positively

39. H. The exit of the positively charged potassium ions causes the inside to become negative again restoring the _________ potential. H. The exit of the positively charged potassium ions causes the inside to become negative again restoring the _________ potential. resting

40. I. Once the impulse reaches the axon terminal it causes vesicles to release _______________. I. Once the impulse reaches the axon terminal it causes vesicles to release _______________. neurotransmitters

41. J. These neurotransmitters will travel from the neuron across the _________, a gap between two neurons, and bind to ____________ on the neighboring neuron. J. These neurotransmitters will travel from the neuron across the _________, a gap between two neurons, and bind to ____________ on the neighboring neuron. synapse receptors

42. K. This then ___________ an impulse in the next cell. K. This then ___________ an impulse in the next cell. triggers

43. 11. The Endocrine system is made up of _________________ that release their products into the bloodstream. Endocrine System, 9b glands

44. 12. What are chemical messengers that alter the activities of cells in other parts of the body called? Hormones

45. 13. What are cells that have receptors for a particular hormone called? Target Cells

46. 14. Refer to Figure 2. Identify each gland. F. A.Hypothalamus/ Pituitary B. Pancreas C. Adrenal— ”Emergency” E. Testis (male) D. Ovaries (female) F. Thymus

47. 15. What is the “Master” gland of the Endocrine system? Pituitary gland

48. 16. What gland controls the “Master” gland? Hypothalamus

49. 17. Refer to #15 and #16. Where are these glands located in the body? Lower Brain

50. 18. Which “gland” is not part of the endocrine system? Sweat gland

51. 19. Fill in the table to the right with the correct gland. Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testis

52. 21. _________________ loops involve the nervous system, endocrine system, and ____________ system. *The circulatory system carries the hormones to the __________ cells where they are needed. *Feedback loops ____________ conditions in the body. Endocrine System, 9c Feedback circulatory target regulate

53. 22. What pancreatic hormone would you expect to find at HIGH levels in the blood of someone who has just eaten a large meal? ___________________ which gland secretes this hormone?________ INSULIN pancreas

54. 23. What pancreatic hormone would you expect to find at HIGH levels in the blood of someone who has just completed a 10 km run?________________ *which gland secretes this hormone?______________ GLUCAGON Pancreas

55. 24. Feedback inhibition occurs when high levels of a substance inhibit the process that produces the substance. This is similar to the way what object regulates the temperature in a house?

56. In humans the hypothalamus acts like the thermostat of feedback systems and the endocrine glands act like the heater or air conditioner. THERMOSTAT

57. 25. “The more stimulation a gland receives the more hormone is produced.” Which type of Feedback system does this statement describe? Positive

58. 26. List a hormone that is an example of #25. Oxytocin

59. 27. What are pathogens? Immune System, 10d Disease causing agents

60. 28. List 2 examples of pathogens: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi

61. 29. What are antigens? Foreign substances; they are attached to pathogens

62. 30. Based on the statements below, identify each structure as B (bacteria) or V (virus):

63. B (bacteria) or V (virus): a. a non living, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat. a. a non living, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat. Virus

64. B (bacteria) or V (virus): b. antibiotics are effective in destroying them. b. antibiotics are effective in destroying them. Bacteria

65. B (bacteria) or V (virus): c. antibiotics are ineffective in destroying them. c. antibiotics are ineffective in destroying them. Virus

66. B (bacteria) or V (virus): d. reproduce by the Lytic cycle or Lysogenic cycles d. reproduce by the Lytic cycle or Lysogenic cycles Virus

67. B (bacteria) or V (virus): e. Figure 3 e. Figure 3 Virus

68. B (bacteria) or V (virus): f. organisms with a full cellular structure f. organisms with a full cellular structure Bacteria

69. 31. What serves as a physical barrier to prevent the passage of many disease-causing microorganisms ? 31. What serves as a physical barrier to prevent the passage of many disease-causing microorganisms ? Immune System, 10a, 10b antibodies Skin

70. 32. ____________ and ___________ compromise the skin’s ability to act as a physical barrier. Cuts abrasions

71. 33. What are immune responses that do not distinguish between one pathogen and another called? Nonspecific Defenses

72. 34. In addition to the skin, what are 3 other body’s 1st line of defenses? Mucous, sweat, tears, saliva, stomach acid

73. 35. What is the Inflammatory response? Reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection: Redness, swelling, pus, pain, fever

74. 36. What does the body’s third line of defense against infection include? Specific Defense Ex antibodies, T cells

75. 37. What are antibodies? Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.

76. 38. Which type of blood cells are released during an infection? White Blood cells

77. 33. If you get the polio vaccine and later get exposed to polio, why don't you become ill? Immune System, 10c When you receive a vaccine, the body makes antibodies so the next time the body encounters the virus, it remembers and the antibodies respond quickly.

78. 34. HIV causes AIDS by attacking and destroying Helper ________ cells. Immune System, 10e T

79. 35.Nutrients are broken down in and absorbed by the __________ ( digestive/circulatory ) system while the ________________( circulatory/digestive ) system transports and distributes the nutrients to the cells through out the body. Digestive System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System— digestive circulatory

80. 36. I n order for cellular respiration to occur, producing ______( ATP/O 2 ) and ________ ( ADP/CO 2 ) waste in the human body, oxygen is distributed by the blood to the cells. ATPCO 2

81. 37.The two systems are involved in the removal of carbon dioxide from the body are: (1)respiratory; and (2) ________________________ ( digestive/circulatory ). circulatory

82. STUDY!!!