1. Endocrine System Communication through hormones

2. Hormone Hormone – a molecule that is released to flow through blood or lymph to send a signal

3. Signaling Types Local regulators – act over short distances paracrine- target cells are near signaling cells Autocrine – hormone acts on the cell that released it Synaptic signaling – nerve cells release hormones onto target cells Neuroendocrine signaling – nerve cells release hormones into the bloodstream to target cells Pheromones- hormones are released outside the body.

6. Water Soluble vs. Lipid-Soluble Water soluble hormones deliver signals outside the cell Lipid soluble can get through the plasma membrane and go into cells

7. Water Soluble Signal transduction pathway (signal, transduction, response)

8. Lipid Soluble Lipid soluble hormones form a hormone receptor complex that go directly to the nucleus. Usually involved in gene expression

9. One Hormone many jobs Homones can act many ways When stressed, Epinephrine: Causes glycogen to break down when stressed Causes muscle blood vessels to dilate Causes intestinal blood vessels to constrict

11. Negative feedback Negative feedback – a response reduces the initial stimulus Ex. Low duodenum pH

12. Antagonistic Hormone Pairs Pairs of hormones often help maintain homeostasis Blood glucose level is usually 90mg/100ml When it rises insulin is released by the pancreas When it falls glucagon is release by the pancreas

14. Diabetes Mellitus Deficiency of insulin or less response of target cells to insulin (blood sugar stays to high) Type I – autoimmune disease, beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. Develops during childhood and daily insulin is given. Type II – target cells stop responding normally to insulin. Being overweight and lack of exercise increase the risk. Diet and exercise can usually control this. (top ten causes of death in the U.S.)

15. Glands and Hormones **

20. Hypothalamus In the brain, helps link the endocrine and nervous system. Controls pituitary glands and other glands through cascade that ways

22. Posterior pituitary Water balance in kidneys, uterus contraction in females

24. Anterior pituitary Growth, milk production, gamete production, stimulates thyroid, stimulates adrenal cortex

25. Thyroid Controls metabolism, lowers calcium levels

26. Parathyroid Raises calcium levels

27. Pancreas Lowers and raises blood glucose level

28. Adrenal Glands

29. Adrenal medulla Stress response, raise blood glucose, constrict blood vessels

30. Adrenal Cortex Long term stress response, increase blood glucose, blood pressure, and immune suppression

31. Testes Sperm formation (spermatogenesis), sex characteristics, testosterone (androgen)

32. ovaries Egg formation (oogenesis), female sex characteristics, uterine lining growth, estrogen and progesterone

33. Pineal gland Regulates body rhythmic cycles (light and dark), like sleep