1. A&P: Unit 1 Body Organization

2. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary System Includes: The skin Function: Protects deeper tissue, regulates body temperature, synthesizes Vitamin D

3. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Muscular System Includes: Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and tendons Function: contract to allow movement, maintains posture

4. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal System Includes: Bone, Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints Function: Supports body, Protects certain cavities, Stores minerals

5. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive System Includes: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Rectum, and Liver Function: Breaks down food to deliver nutrients to the body cells; undigested food leaves body as feces

6. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory System Includes: Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs Function: Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

7. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular System Includes: Heart, Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries, and Capillaries) Function: Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc. through the body in blood

8. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous System Includes: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Receptors Function: detect and respond to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

9. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary System Includes: Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, maintains body’s water and salt balance, regulates pH of the blood

10. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic System Includes: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils Functions: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, cleanses blood, house white blood cells (involved with immunity)

11. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine System Includes: Glands - including pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testis (males), and ovaries (females) Function: secretion of hormones that regulate body activities (growth, reproduction, and metabolism)

12. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive System Males  Includes: testes, scrotum, penis, glands, duct system  Function: Produces sperm and carries to the outside of the body

13. 11 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive System, con’t Females  Includes: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina  Function: Produces eggs, serves as locations for fertilization and development of the fetus

14. Levels of Organization From smallest unit to largest unit: –Chemical Level: atoms and compounds –Cells: smallest unit of all living things –Tissues: similar cells with common function There are 4 types of tissue – Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous –Organ: composed of two or more tissue types –Organ System: organs that cooperate to accomplish a common goal –Organism: highest level of organization

15. Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions – needed for life “homeo-” is unchanging, “-stasis” is standing still This is another goal that your organ systems work together to achieve

16. Homeostasis With homeostasis, your body isn’t really “standing still”, but it’s trying to! It’s like a tight-rope walker – you want to stay on the wire, but sometimes other forces affect you (the wind, a slippery rope, noises, etc.) You must react to overcome the forces and re- balance yourself over the wire. Homeostasis works the same way… It attempts to keep an internal balance within your body.

17. Homeostasis Communication/coordination within the body is achieved mainly by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems, but many of the systems participate in some extent A response is triggered by some change in the norm

18. Homeostasis Most control mechanisms are “Negative Feedback Systems” – inhibit a change –Examples include body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of gases & nutrients

19. Homeostasis

20. “Positive Feedback Systems” are rare because they actually try to push your body out of the normal balance to react to an event that has occurred Examples include…

21. Homeostasis Birth –Oxytocin (causes contractions) is released due to pressure on the cervix –Ends when the fetus is expelled Bleeding –clotting yields more clotting, which is eventually stopped by stopped blood flow

22. Homeostasis

23. Language of Anatomy Terms with precise meanings are used to help medical and healthcare professionals communicate effectively with one another about the human body. You are responsible for the following terms and being able to apply them!

24. Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position –Feet parallel –Arms hanging at sides –Palms facing forward –Thumbs pointing away from body Don’t forget… his left is on your right-hand side!!! RIGHTLEFT

25. Body Position Supine –Laying Face-up Prone –Laying Face-Down

26. Directional Terms Superior (Cranial) –Toward the head –Above Inferior (Caudal) –Away from the Head –Below

27. Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) –Toward the front of the body –In front of Posterior (Dorsal) –Toward the back of the body –Behind

28. Directional Terms Medial –Toward midline –Inner side Lateral –Away from midline –Outer Side

29. Directional Terms Intermediate –Between a medial and lateral structure

30. Directional Terms Proximal –Closer to the attachment point of a limb to the body trunk Distal –Farther from the attachment point of a limb to the body trunk

31. Directional Terms

32. Superficial –Towards the body surface Deep –Away from the body surface –More internal

33. Directional Terms Ipsilateral –On the same side of the body Contralateral –On opposite sides of the body

34. Planes of the Body Median (Midsagittal) Plane – divides into equal right and left sections Frontal (Coronal) Plane – divides into anterior and posterior parts Transverse Plane – divides into superior and inferior parts

35. Body Cavities What kinds of organs might be found in the Dorsal Cavity? What kinds of organs might be found in the Ventral Cavity? –Which of these organs would be specific to the Thoracic Cavity? –To the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

37. Abdominopelvic Cavity Why would this cavity be vulnerable to damage? Because it is so large, it is helpful to break up this cavity into smaller sections for study One system used by medical personnel uses quadrants

38. Abdominopelvic Cavity Another system used by anatomists, divides it into 9 regions –“epi” is upon, “gastric” is stomach –“hypo” is below –“Iliac” is the superior part of hip bone –“lumbus” is loin –“chondro” is cartilage