1. Endocrine System Chapter 45

2. What you need to know! Two ways hormones affect target organs. The secretion, target, action, and regulation of at least three hormones. An illustration of both positive and negative feedback in the regulation of homeostasis by hormones.

3. Endocrine System produces hormones that regulate homeostasis, reproduction, development, and behavior Master organs: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Receive sensory input from receptors throughout the body

4. Hormones Transported by blood Minute amounts needed Are steroids, peptides, or amino acids Work by either: 1.Binding to cell-surface receptors causing a signal transduction pathway (cascade of chemical events in response to stimulus) or 2.Diffusing across the cell membrane and binding to intracellular receptors which then act as transcription factors to activate specific genes

6. Blood Glucose Example Stable at 90mg/100ml Regulated by pancreas Pancreas serves multiple functions: digestions and blood sugar regulation Glucagon is released by alpha-cells in response to low blood glucose levels Insulin is released by beta-cells in response to high blood glucose levels

7. Blood Glucose Example After eating food blood glucose levels in the body rise leading to the release of insulin by the beta cells; this stimulates the liver to build up glycogen (animal starch) storage and other body cells to absorb glucose After exercise or starvation blood glucose levels drop, alpha-cells release glucagon; this stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

8. Blood Glucose Example

9. Diabetes Type 1 (juvenile) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells Type 2 (adult onset) Exhaustion of beta cells due to high lifelong high glycemic index diet

10. Stress (Fight or Flight) Response Regulated by hypothalamus/adrenal glands Stress activates the hypothalamus Fast reply: nerve connection to adrenal medulla activates adrenalin (epinephrine) release Adrenalin Action: Glycogen breakdown Blood glucose increase Heart rate increase Breathing rate increase Lower blood flow to intestines (vasoconstriction) Higher blood flow to muscles (vasodilation)

11. Long Term Stress Pituitary gland releases ACTH Make adrenal cortex release corticoids Corticoid action includes: Increase in blood volume Proteins/fat converted into glucose (rise in glucose levels) Suppresses immune system Antinflamatory response