1. Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries, Archives & Museums Denise Nicholson Copyright Services Librarian University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Denise.Nicholson@wits.ac.za African-Arab Regional Seminar "Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights: "Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights: Addressing the Needs of Affected Constituencies Cairo, Egypt – 2 November 2009

2. Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - essential for human survival and development. Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - essential for human survival and development. unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, culture and information. (IFLA/FAIFE) Freedom, prosperity and the development of society depend on education, as well as on unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, culture and information. (IFLA/FAIFE) Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound collective good that there is". (A.Erwin, former Minister of Trade & Industry, South Africa)Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound collective good that there is". (A.Erwin, former Minister of Trade & Industry, South Africa) Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. (Nelson Mandela) Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. (Nelson Mandela)

3. International copyright trends Create new rights Strengthen protection and enforcement Shrink the public domain Restrict access to knowledge Erode information-users rights

4. Promoting balance & access International Copyright Treaties Adelphi Charter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Charter Gowers Report on IP - www.ipo.gov.uk/policy/policy.../policy-issues- gowers.htmwww.ipo.gov.uk/policy/policy.../policy-issues- gowers.htm CopySouth Dossier – www.copysouth.orgwww.copysouth.org WSIS Declaration of Principles - http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html UK Commission on IPR - www.iprcommission.orgwww.iprcommission.org

5. http://www.africaguide.com/afmap.htm AFRICAAFRICA

6. Copyright in Africa Copyright vs. collective ownership Copyright vs. collective ownership Few African countries have adopted L & Es Few African countries have adopted L & Es African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project – www.aca2K.org African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project – www.aca2K.orgwww.aca2K.org The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance. The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance. Lack of resources & unaffordability of learning material Lack of resources & unaffordability of learning material Infringing activities are facilitating access – not copyright! Infringing activities are facilitating access – not copyright!

7. Copyright – a barrier to education Blind student Blind student Deaf student Deaf student Translations Translations

8. Copyright – a barrier (contd) Medical staff Medical staff Rural teacher Rural teacher Literacy facilitator Literacy facilitator

9. Copyright – a barrier (contd) Historical Archive Historical Archive Libraries Libraries Berlin Wall Commemoration Berlin Wall Commemoration

10. Access to knowledge and cultural treasures Access to knowledge and cultural treasures Restricted! Restricted!

12. Current Copyright system - is it working in Africa? Main beneficiaries - not authors, nor Africans Main beneficiaries - not authors, nor Africans Scholarly authors have to assign copyright Scholarly authors have to assign copyright Educational institutions pay over and over Educational institutions pay over and over Bulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-owners Bulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-owners Africans have to buy back their research at high cost! Africans have to buy back their research at high cost! Research outputs are negatively affected Research outputs are negatively affected

13. International pressure on African countries Strict copyright rules and regulations Strict copyright rules and regulations Developed countries kicking away the ladder Developed countries kicking away the ladder African countries need time & space to develop African countries need time & space to develop Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North- South differences Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North- South differences

14. WIPO Development Agenda WIPOs obligations re: Millennium Declaration WIPOs obligations re: Millennium Declaration 45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html 45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant to access to knowledge Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant to access to knowledge Appropriate Limitations and Exceptions vital for access to knowledge & development. Appropriate Limitations and Exceptions vital for access to knowledge & development.

15. WIPO Studies on Limitations and Exceptions WIPO Studies on Limitations and Exceptions Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the Digital Environment http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805 Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the Digital Environment http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952 Automated Rights Management Systems and Copyright Limitations and Exceptions http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952 Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696 Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696 Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192 Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192 Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report due before end of 2009 Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report due before end of 2009 15

16. WIPO SCCR/19/2009 Draft Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/s ccr_19_1.pdf Draft Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/s ccr_19_1.pdf http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/s ccr_19_1.pdf http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/s ccr_19_1.pdf Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_1 9_3.doc www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_1 9_3.doc Please support the international library community at SCCR (14-18 December 2009)

17. Libraries as Key Stakeholders Statement of Principles on Copyright Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archives – EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - Statement of Principles on Copyright Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archives – EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - www.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of- principles-sccr20.pdf www.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of- principles-sccr20.pdf

18. eIFL Draft Law on Copyright with Model Exceptions & Limitations See: http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law Free Uses: Reproduction for private purposes & research; Reproduction for private purposes & research; Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations; Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information purposes; Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information purposes; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs; Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs; Display of works; Display of works; Persons with disabilities; Persons with disabilities; Public/official documents Public/official documents

19. Recommendations Afford African countries time & space to develop Afford African countries time & space to develop TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa! TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa! Review, liberalize and harmonize international and national IP laws to facilitate, not restrict access Review, liberalize and harmonize international and national IP laws to facilitate, not restrict access Restore balance between rights-owners & users Restore balance between rights-owners & users Support the Proposed WIPO Treaty for Improved Access for Blind, Visually Impaired and other Reading Disabled Persons Support the Proposed WIPO Treaty for Improved Access for Blind, Visually Impaired and other Reading Disabled Persons Consider alternative publishing options, e.g. Open Access Consider alternative publishing options, e.g. Open Access

20. Solution A Balanced International Framework that enshrines ALL Users Rights

21. Thank you

22. Some Resources on L & Es Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions - http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/s ummary.htm Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions - http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/s ummary.htm http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/s ummary.htm http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/s ummary.htm Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to knowledge - http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=7 9&Itemid=69 Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to knowledge - http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=7 9&Itemid=69 http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=7 9&Itemid=69 http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=7 9&Itemid=69 Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn. ipr.info.081102.htm Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn. ipr.info.081102.htm http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn. ipr.info.081102.htm http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn. ipr.info.081102.htm L & Es - http://www.cptech.org/ip/copyright/le.html L & Es - http://www.cptech.org/ip/copyright/le.htmlhttp://www.cptech.org/ip/copyright/le.html Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries - http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/LCAPosition110308.pdf Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries - http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/LCAPosition110308.pdf http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/LCAPosition110308.pdf Wits Copyright Portal - http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright +and+Related+Issues.htm Wits Copyright Portal - http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright +and+Related+Issues.htm http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright +and+Related+Issues.htm http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright +and+Related+Issues.htm

23. Resources for African countries WIPO Development Agenda and related issues WIPO Development Agenda and related issues Article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on Objectives Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on Objectives The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001) The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001) UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002) UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002) Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003) Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003) and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003) and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005) World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005) World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005) Chiles proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPOs Standing Committee on Copyright (2004) Chiles proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPOs Standing Committee on Copyright (2004) Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005) Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005) IFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPO IFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPO Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University) Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University) Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006) Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006) International Right to Read Campaign (WBU) International Right to Read Campaign (WBU) Proposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPO Proposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPO

24. Useful Copyright Handbooks eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues: eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues: http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to copyright (Commonwealth of Learning): http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/P ages/Copyright.aspx Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to copyright (Commonwealth of Learning): http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/P ages/Copyright.aspx http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/P ages/Copyright.aspx http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/P ages/Copyright.aspx

25. ACA2K Project Research Findings & Resources Research Findings & Resources See: www.aca2k.org See: www.aca2k.orgwww.aca2k.org

26. Tips for Developing Countries See: www.aca2k.org (click on Blog)www.aca2k.org

27. International A2K initiatives IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – www.ifla.org IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – www.ifla.org www.ifla.org eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in- transition countries) - www.eifl.net eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in- transition countries) - www.eifl.netwww.eifl.net EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- www.eblida.org EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- www.eblida.org www.eblida.org Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- www.col.org Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- www.col.org www.col.org Consumers International – www.consumersinternational.org Consumers International – www.consumersinternational.orgwww.consumersinternational.org

28. International A2K initiatives (contd) Transatlantic Consumers Dialogue (TACD) – www.tacd.org Transatlantic Consumers Dialogue (TACD) – www.tacd.org www.tacd.org Knowledge Ecology International - www.nline.org Knowledge Ecology International - www.keionline.org www.nline.org www.keionline.org Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) - www.cptech.org Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) - www.cptech.org www.cptech.org A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)- http://research.yale.edu/isp/ A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)- http://research.yale.edu/isp/ http://research.yale.edu/isp/ Copy South (Kent Law School, UK – www.copysouth.org Copy South (Kent Law School, UK – www.copysouth.org www.copysouth.org

29. Regional A2K initiatives African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project - www.aca2k.org African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project - www.aca2k.org www.aca2k.org Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project – www.access.og.za (2005) (website now closed) Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project – www.access.og.za (2005) (website now closed) www.access.og.za African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 - Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_artic le.pdf African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 - Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_artic le.pdf http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_artic le.pdf http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_artic le.pdf Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – www.osisa.org Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – www.osisa.orgwww.osisa.org African Digital Commons - www.commons-sense.org African Digital Commons - www.commons-sense.orgwww.commons-sense.org Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) – www.sarua.org Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) – www.sarua.org www.sarua.org Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) - http://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) - http://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html http://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html SADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bw SADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bwwww.sardec.org.bw

30. South African A2K initiatives Creative Commons/iCommons (South Africa) - icommons.org Creative Commons/iCommons (South Africa) - icommons.org Wits Link Centre - http://link.wits.ac.za/ Wits Link Centre - http://link.wits.ac.za/http://link.wits.ac.za/ Library Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.org Library Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.orgwww.liasa.org Shuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.org Shuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.orgwww.shuttleworthfoundation.org African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) - http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/ African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) - http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/ http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/ Sivulile Open Access Project - http://www.sivulile.org/ Sivulile Open Access Project - http://www.sivulile.org/http://www.sivulile.org/ CSIR research Space - http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/ CSIR research Space - http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/ http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/ Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) - http://www.hsrc.ac.za Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) - http://www.hsrc.ac.za http://www.hsrc.ac.za OA institutional repositories in tertiary institutions OA institutional repositories in tertiary institutions

31. SA National A2K initiatives SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=94490 SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=94490 www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=94490 The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations Repository - www.nrf.ac.za The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations Repository - www.nrf.ac.zawww.nrf.ac.za Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Africa OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.za Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Africa OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.zawww.assaf.co.za