1. SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 17

2. 17.4 Series Solutions SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS In this section, we will learn how to solve: Certain differential equations using the power series.

3. SERIES SOLUTIONS Many differential equations can’t be solved explicitly in terms of finite combinations of simple familiar functions. This is true even for a simple-looking equation like: y’’ – 2xy’ + y = 0 Equation 1

4. SERIES SOLUTIONS However, it is important to be able to solve equations such as Equation 1 because they arise from physical problems.  In particular, they occur in connection with the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics.

5. USING POWER SERIES In such a case, we use the method of power series. That is, we look for a solution of the form

6. USING POWER SERIES The method is to substitute this expression into the differential equation and determine the values of the coefficients c 0, c 1, c 2, …  This technique resembles the method of undetermined coefficients discussed in Section 17.2

7. USING POWER SERIES Before using power series to solve Equation 1, we illustrate the method on the simpler equation y’’ + y = 0 in Example 1.  It’s true that we already know how to solve this equation by the techniques of Section 17.1  Still, it’s easier to understand the power series method when it is applied to this simpler equation.

8. USING POWER SERIES Use power series to solve y’’ + y = 0  We assume there is a solution of the form E. g. 1—Equation 2

9. USING POWER SERIES We can differentiate power series term by term. So, E. g. 1—Equation 3

10. USING POWER SERIES To compare the expressions for y and y’’ more easily, we rewrite y’’ as: E. g. 1—Equation 4

11. USING POWER SERIES Substituting the expressions in Equations 2 and 4 into the differential equation, we obtain: or E. g. 1—Equation 5

12. USING POWER SERIES If two power series are equal, then the corresponding coefficients must be equal. So, the coefficients of x n in Equation 5 must be 0: E. g. 1—Equation 6

13. RECURSION RELATION Equation 6 is called a recursion relation.  If c 0 and c 1 are known, it allows us to determine the remaining coefficients recursively by putting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … in succession, as follows. Example 1

14. RECURSION RELATION Put n = 0: Put n = 1: Put n = 2: Example 1

15. RECURSION RELATION Put n = 3: Put n = 4: Put n = 5: Example 1

16. USING POWER SERIES By now, we see the pattern: For the even coefficients, For the odd coefficients,  Putting these values back into Equation 2, we write the solution as follows. Example 1

17. USING POWER SERIES Example 1  Notice that there are two arbitrary constants, c 0 and c 1.

18. NOTE 1 We recognize the series obtained in Example 1 as being the Maclaurin series for cos x and sin x.  See Equations 15 and 16 in Section 11.10

19. NOTE 1 Therefore, we could write the solution as: y(x) = c 0 cos x + c 1 sin x  However, we are not usually able to express power series solutions of differential equations in terms of known functions.

20. USING POWER SERIES Solve y’’ – 2xy’ + y = 0  We assume there is a solution of the form Example 2

21. USING POWER SERIES Then, as in Example 1, and Example 2

22. USING POWER SERIES Substituting in the differential equation, we get: Example 2

23. USING POWER SERIES The equation is true if the coefficient of x n is 0: (n + 2)(n + 1)c n+2 – (2n – 1)c n = 0 E. g. 2—Equation 7

24. USING POWER SERIES We solve this recursion relation by putting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … successively in Equation 7: Put n = 0: Put n = 1: Example 2

25. USING POWER SERIES Put n = 2: Put n = 3: Put n = 4: Example 2

26. USING POWER SERIES Put n = 5: Put n = 6: Put n = 7: Example 2

27. USING POWER SERIES In general,  The even coefficients are given by:  The odd coefficients are given by: Example 2

28. USING POWER SERIES The solution is: Example 2

29. USING POWER SERIES Simplifying, E. g. 2—Equation 8

30. NOTE 2 In Example 2, we had to assume that the differential equation had a series solution. Now, however, we could verify directly that the function given by Equation 8 is indeed a solution.

31. NOTE 3 Unlike the situation of Example 1, the power series that arise in the solution of Example 2 do not define elementary functions.

32. NOTE 3 The functions and are perfectly good functions.  However, they can’t be expressed in terms of familiar functions.

33. NOTE 3 We can use these power series expressions for y 1 and y 2 to compute approximate values of the functions and even to graph them.

34. NOTE 3 The figure shows the first few partial sums T 0, T 2, T 4, … (Taylor polynomials) for y 1 (x). We see how they converge to y 1.

35. NOTE 3 Thus, we can graph both y 1 and y 2 as shown.

36. NOTE 4 Suppose we were asked to solve the initial-value problem y’’ – 2xy’ + y = 0 y(0) = 0 y’(0) = 1

37. NOTE 4 We would observe from Theorem 5 in Section 11.10 that: c 0 = y(0) = 0 c 1 = y’(0) = 1  This would simplify the calculations in Example 2, since all the even coefficients would be 0.

38. NOTE 4 The solution to the initial-value problem is: