1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sociology Eleventh Edition Richard T. Schaefer Chapter 11: Racial and Ethnic Inequality

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Racial and Ethnic Inequality  Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups  Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice and Discrimination  Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity  Patterns of Intergroup Relations Patterns of Intergroup Relations  Race and Ethnicity in the United States Race and Ethnicity in the United States  Social Policy and Race and Ethnic Inequality: Global Immigration Social Policy and Race and Ethnic Inequality: Global Immigration

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Minority Groups  Racial group: group set apart from others because of obvious physical differences  Ethnic group: group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns  Minority group: subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power than members of dominant or majority group

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Minority Groups  Properties of minority groups include Experience unequal treatment Share distinguishing cultural characteristics Membership not voluntary Have strong sense of group solidarity Generally marry others from same group

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Race  Racial group: minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences Each society socially constructs which differences are important while ignoring other characteristics  Social Construction of Race People define group as a race based in part on physical characteristics and on historical, cultural, and economic factors

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Recognition of Multiple Identities  In 2000 census, 7 million people in U.S. reported they were of two or more races  Dominant group has power to define itself legally and define a society’s values Stereotypes: unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Table 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2004 Note: Percentages do not total 100 percent and figures under subheadings do not add up to figures under major headings because of overlap among groups (e.g., Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Hispanics may be of any race. White ancestry data and percentages are from the 2000 census. Sources: Author based on American Community Survey 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Brittingham and de la Cruz 2004; United Jewish Communities 2003. continued

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Table 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2004 Note: Percentages do not total 100 percent and figures under subheadings do not add up to figures under major headings because of overlap among groups (e.g., Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Hispanics may be of any race. White ancestry data and percentages are from the 2000 census. Sources: Author based on American Community Survey 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Brittingham and de la Cruz 2004; United Jewish Communities 2003. continued

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Figure 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500–2100 (Projected) Sources: Author’s estimate; American Community Survey 2006; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2004; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987. Data for 2005 and 2100, African Americans and Asian and other are for non-Hispanics. continued

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Figure 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500–2100 (Projected) Sources: Author’s estimate; American Community Survey 2006; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2004; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987. Data for 2005 and 2100, African Americans and Asian and other are for non-Hispanics. continued

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Ethnicity  Ethnic group: group set apart from others based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns  Distinction between racial groups and ethnic groups socially significant In U.S., stratification along racial lines more resistant to change than stratification along ethnic lines

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Prejudice  Prejudice: negative attitude toward an entire category of people Ethnocentrism: tendency to assume one’s culture and way of life are superior to others Racism: belief that one race is supreme and others are innately inferior Hate crime: criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Figure 11-2: Categorization of Reported Hate Crimes Source: Reported for 2005 in 2006. Department of Justice 2006b.

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Discriminatory Behavior  Discrimination: denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or arbitrary reasons Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members Glass ceiling: invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Figure 11-3: U.S. Median Income by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Note: Data released in 2006 for income earned in 2005. Includes only people working full-time, year-round, 25 years old and older. White refers to non-Hispanic Whites. Sources: DeNavas-Walt et al. 2006; for Native Americans, author’s estimate based on Bureau of the Census 2003b. menwomenmenwomen

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 16 The Privileges of the Dominant  Privileges dominant groups enjoy at expense often overlooked McIntosh found the list of unspoken advantages for Whites in U.S. include  Belonging at meetings  Cashing checks and using credit cards  Could access lawyers and doctors  Facilitated parenting White people in U.S. take membership in the dominant racial group for granted

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Institutional Discrimination  Institutional discrimination: denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from operations of society Commission on Civil Rights identified  Requiring English be spoken at work  Preference in law and medical school admissions  Restrictive employment-leave policies Affirmative action: positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Functionalist Perspective  Nash’s 3 functions that racially prejudiced beliefs have for dominant group Moral justification for maintaining unequal society Discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status Encouraging support for existing order

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Functionalist Perspective  Rose outlined dysfunctions associated with racism Society that practices discrimination fails to use resources of all individuals Discrimination aggravates social problems Society must invest time and money to defend barriers to full participation Racial prejudice and discrimination undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Conflict Perspective  Exploitation theory: racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor (Box, Blauner, and Hunter) Too limited to explain prejudice in its many forms Racial profiling: arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on behavior

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Interactionist Approach  Contact hypothesis: in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes Trend in U.S. is to increase contact between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups

22. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Taking Sociology to Work  Prudence Hannis: Liaison Officer, National Institute of Science Research, University of Québec Explain the connection between Native Americans’ ethnicity and their health. In speaking of empowering First Nation’s women, what sociological perspective do think Hannis is drawing on?

23. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Table 11-2: Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity

24. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Patterns of Intergroup Relations  Groups can relate ranging from friendships and intermarriages to hostility Extreme behaviors include  Genocide: deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation  Expulsion: forced removal of people from region or country Four patterns identified – amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism

25. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Patterns of Intergroup Relations  Amalgamation: when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group  Assimilation: process by which person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

26. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Segregation  Segregation: physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence Apartheid: Republic of South Africa severely restricted the movement of Blacks and non-Whites  Pluralism: mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures

27. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Research in Action  11-1: Interracial and Interethnic Friendships How common are interracial and interethnic friendships where you live or go to school? What might explain the gap between the percentage of Whites claiming to have a close friend who was Black and percentage of Whites who listed a close friend of another race or ethnicity?

28. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Race and Ethnicity in the United States  U.S. is multiracial, multiethnic society Population changed dramatically since 1620s Immigration, colonialism, and in the case of Blacks, slavery, determined racial and ethnic makeup of present-day society

29. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Figure 11-4: Census 2000: The Image of Diversity Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:20.

30. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Racial Groups  African Americans African Americans currently largest minority group in U.S. Black power: rejected goal of assimilation into White middle-class society  Native Americans 2.2 million Native Americans represent diverse array of cultures distinguishable by language, family organization, religion, and livelihood

31. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Racial Groups  Asian Americans Asian Americans comprise one of fastest growing segments of U.S. population Asian Americans often held up as model or ideal minority group – despite prejudice and discrimination, succeeded economically, socially and educationally without resorting to confrontations with Whites

32. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Racial Groups  Vietnamese Americans  Chinese Americans  Japanese Americans Issei: first generation of Japanese immigrants  Korean Americans

33. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Figure 11-5: Major Asian American Groups in the United States, 2005 Source: Author’s analysis of 2005 American Community Survey.

34. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Racial Groups  Arab Americans Arabic language single most unifying force, but dialects vary Up to 3 million people of Arab ancestry reside in the United States Cannot be characterized as having specific family type, gender role, or occupational pattern

35. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Figure 11-6: Distribution of the Arab American Population by State Source: Data for 2000 reported in Bureau of the Census 2003c.

36. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 36 Ethnic Groups  Latinos Largest minority in the United States  More than 40 million Hispanics in U.S.  Latino population outnumbers African American population in 6 of 10 largest cities  Share heritage of Spanish language and culture  Educational difficulties because English is a second language contribute to generally low economic status

37. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Ethnic Groups  Mexican Americans Largest Latino population  Puerto Ricans Second largest segment of Latinos in U.S. American citizens  Cuban Americans Immigration rose following Cuban Revolution in 1959

38. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 38 Figure 11-7: Major Hispanic Groups in the United States, 2005 Source: Author’s analysis of 2005 American Community Survey.

39. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 39 Research in Action  11-2: Growing Up Latina Did you attend a high school where Latinos or other immigrant students studied side by side with White non-Hispanics? Latina high school students clearly think they are handicapped in their efforts to fit in with mainstream adolescent culture. Might they feel the same way when they are 25 or 35 years old?

40. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 40 Ethnic Groups  Jewish Americans Constitute almost 3% of population U.S. has largest concentration of Jews Anti-Semitism: anti-Jewish prejudice  White Ethnics Ancestors came from Europe Symbolic ethnicity: emphasis on ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

41. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 41 Figure 11-8: World Immigration Since 1500 Source: Allen 2007: 20.

42. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 42 Global Immigration  The Issue Worldwide, immigration at all-time high  About 146 million people move from country to country  Increasing number of immigrants puts pressure on job opportunities and welfare capabilities

43. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 43 Global Immigration  The Setting Migration of people not uniform across time or space  7 of world’s wealthiest nations shelter about one-third of migrant population  Since 1960s, U.S. encouraged immigration of relatives of U.S. residents and people who have desirable skills.  Fear and resentment of growing racial and ethnic diversity are key factors in opposition to immigration

44. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 44 Global Immigration  Sociological Insights Immigrants adapt well to life in U.S. For receiving society, alleviates labor shortages For sending nations, relieves the economy and generates remittances Conflict theorists note how much of the debate over immigration is economic Feminist theorists not that women immigrants face addition challenges

45. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 45 Global Immigration  Policy Initiatives Growing public perception U.S. lost control of its borders Entire world feels overwhelming impact of globalization on immigration patterns Debate over immigration reflects deep value conflicts in cultures of many nations Hostility to immigrants and refugees reflects racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice and a desire to maintain the dominant culture

46. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Slide 46 Figure 11-9: Legal Migration to the United States, 1820–2010 Sources: Author’s estimates for the period 2000–2010; Bureau of the Census 2005a:11; Immigration and Naturalization Service 2002.