1. The Munich Agreement: Nazi Aggression and Crisis of Democracy?
September 30, 1938
The Sudetenland
Czechoslovakia

2. Hitler Used Wilson’s “14 Points”
World War I
Nation-State
National Self-Determination

3. Three Varieties of Ethnic Cleansing:
1.) taking away territory and giving it away based on national or ethnic composition (Munich Crisis);
2.) killing members of national or ethnic group (Nazi Holocaust);
3.) expelling members of national or ethnic group (post-war expulsions).

4. Hitler
Germany
Daladier
France
Chamberlain
Britain
Beneš
Czechoslakia

6. A Policy of Appeasement
To appease: “to pacify or conciliate”
Or?
To appease: “to buy off an aggressor through concessions”
Appeasement Equals Weakness?

7. Czechoslovakia: Created 1918 from Austria-Hungary (Habsburg Monarchy)

8. President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Prague Castle

10. The Pětka Czech Agrarian Party Czech National Democratic Party
Czech Social Democratic Party
Czech National Socialist Party
Czech Populist Party

11. Where is the Sudetenland?

12. Sudetenland Industry

13. Sudetenland Fortifications

14. Konrad Henlein Sudenten-German National Front (1934)
Sudeten-German Party (1936)

15. Anschluss: Nazi Takeover of Austria (March 1938)

16. Carlsbad Demands, April 24, 1938
1.) Restoration of complete equality of German national group with the Czech people; ) Recognition of the Sudeten German national group as a legal entity for the safeguarding of this position of equality within the State; ) Confirmation and recognition of the Sudeten German settlement area; ) Building up of Sudeten German self-government in the Sudeten German settlement area in all branches of public life insofar as questions affecting the interests and the affairs of the German national group are involved; ) Introduction of legal provisions for the protection of those Sudeten German citizens living outside the defined settlement area of their national group; ) Removal of wrong done to Sudeten German element since the year 1918, and compensation for damage suffered through this wrong; ) Recognition and enforcement of principle: German public servants in the German area; ) Complete freedom to profess adherence to the German element and German ideology.

17. Hitler-Henlein Meeting, March 1938
“always demand so much that we will never be satisfied.”

18. Three Meetings of Munich Crisis
1.) Berchtesgaden: September 15, 1938
2.) Bad Godesberg: September 22, 1938
3.) Munich: September 30, 1938

19. Klement Gottwald and the Czechoslovak Communist Party
“Barefoot Ethiopians, without arms, defended themselves, and we yield.”

20. German Liberation?

21. Sudeten-German Reactions

22. Ethnic Cleansing: Moving the Border and Expelling the Czechs

23. Nazi Takeover of Czechoslovakia
March 15, 1939
Nazi Takeover of Czechoslovakia

24. Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; Slovakia

25. Reinhard Heydrich

26. Old Jewish Cemetery and Old-New Synagogue: Hitler Planned to Make Them Museum of an Extinct and Vanished Race

27. Lidice Jaroslava Skleničková, b. 1926
JS: b. in Lidice, father killed (all males over age 15); she, her mother and sister were sent to Ravensbruck; all survived; presently lives in Lidice in housing built after WWII for women who survived Lidice; fd on Ben Shahn poster designed for the US Dept of War Info in 1943; Shahn worked for Farm Security Administration with Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange documenting US South during Great Depression (was from Lithuania).
Jaroslava Skleničková, b. 1926

28. Post-War Retribution: Expulsion of 3-Million Germans

29. “Peace in Our Time”: What Went Wrong?