1. Leading Into World War II The 1920’s and 1930’s rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, & Spain

2. And meanwhile in Europe… 1936 Nuremburg Party Rally Adolf Hitler leads 180,000 in an “Oath to Germany” Banners, flags, spotlights, stages Grand spectacles essential to building power

4. Totalitarian Government Totalitarian rule- exerting total control over a nation dominates every aspect of life in that country power derived from the destruction of individuals those who disagree are silenced, beaten, killed

5. Fascism Fascism- system of government marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator, and often a policy of belligerent nationalism emphasizes the importance of a nation, or ethnic group, and the supreme authority of a leader Fascist Dictators Adolf Hitler (Germany) Benito Mussolini (Italy)

6. Communism Communism- A system of government based on the idea that all goods and land are owned by the society as a whole. The good of the community is placed above the good of the individual. Although they share some similarities, communist and fascist leaders have historically been enemies

7. Leading into World War II The 1920’s and 1930’s rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, & Spain

8. UNIT: “WORLD CONFLICTS” ESSENTIAL QUESTION- How did the United States Rise to World Power? UNIT OBJECTIVES: Identify and explain key events in the European Front LEARNING GOAL: Identify how the United States rose to global dominance.

9. Meet the Dictators

11. Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Took over after Lenin died (Lenin more moderate, NEP) 1924 “One great leap forward” a vicious brand of communism, reworked economy Like fascism, communism relies on a strong dictator, and does not represent or preserve individual rights or freedoms

12. Stalin’s Economic Plan “Collectivization campaign” 5 year plan Convert small family farms to huge, gov’t controlled plots Belligerent Nationalism Faced with resistance, Stalin reacted: forcing the poor off their lands confiscating the food they produced Sending millions to labor camps in Siberia Agricultural production fell, forced rationing

13. Stalin’s Economic Plan (cont.) Also pursued rapid industrialization Assigned millions of laborers from rural areas to build and run new industrial centers All government money flowed into goods like: Iron, steel, oil, and coal… not into housing clothing, consumer goods Resulted in shortages of essential products Standard of living plummeted Despite troubles, by 1940, Stalin was successful The Soviet Union was a modern industrial power

14. Stalin’s Reign of Terror Political Domination via purges “Purified” the Communist Party by removing opponents and anyone else he believed to be a threat to his power or ideas Great Purge of 1939 Stalin’s agents arrested >7 million people >1 million executed, millions of others in camps Purges successfully eliminated any resistance

16. Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini “Il Duce,” the leader Fought and injured in WWI Believed the Versailles treaty deprived Italy Charismatic speaker, found supporters Formed the revolutionary Fascist party, 1919

17. Fascism in Italy Organized gangs of fascists developed around Italy Vowed to end Italy’s economic problems Blackshirts – thugs who control the opposition By 1922, Mussolini had built so much power, he threatened to march on Rome The king of Italy panicked and appointed him prime minister

18. Fascism in Italy Goal 1: to improve economic conditions suspended elections, outlawed other political parties Established a dictatorship Firm control improved Italy’s economy Other European nations commend him!

19. Fascism in Italy Goal 2: to build an empire Dreams of a new Roman empire Fascist slogan: “A country is nothing without conquest” 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia Overpowered Ethiopian resistance Ethiopian emperor fled Other European nations horrified!

21. Hitler’s Rise to Power Austrian, wounded in WWI Furious with Germany’s part in the Versailles treaty Stripped Germany of land and colonies Huge burden of debt for war damage in Fr, Bel, GB War-guilt clause which blamed Germany for starting WWI

22. The Nazi Party 1919, Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party Fascism with German Nationalism and Racial Superiority Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party Powerful, fanatical public speaker Focus on German’s national humiliation drew support Failed attempt to overthrow German Gov’t Hitler imprisoned, authors “Mein Kampf”

23. “Mein Kampf” “My Struggle,” composed in prison Outlined Nazi philosophy His views on Germany’s problems Blamed minorities for weakening Germany Notably, Jewish Called for purification of the Aryan Race Removal of undesirable races = mass extermination / genocide

24. Nazi Propaganda “White collar and manual workers of our people, you alone have to suffer the consequences of this unheard-of treaty. Come and protest against Germany being burdened with the war guilt. Protest against the peace treaty of Versailles which has been forced upon us…” -Nazi poster, Berlin, Germany, 1921

25. Germany turns to Hitler Great Depression hits Germany, 1930’s Nazi Party promises National respect economic stabilization restored empire 1930 elections, Hitler loses to Paul von Hindenburg Hindenburg makes Hitler chancellor, head of German gov’t Hitler as chancellor Ends freedom of speech, Violently silences critics using brownshirts, Nazi thugs

26. Hitler takes over German parliament burns down Hitler blames communists Nazi party gains the majority Approved to pass a bill which would give the Chancellor dictatorial powers Hindenburg dies 1934 Hitler becomes both chancellor and president Calls himself “Der Fuhrer,” the leader

27. Please re-create the chart in your notebook. Year Leader Supporters Postwar Problems Reasons for Public Support

28. Germany Year1932 LeaderAdolf Hitler – “Mein Kampf” SupportersNazi Party – “brownshirts” Postwar Problems Hit by Depression People living in poverty Reasons for Public Support Inflation, unemployment Economic depression Unhappiness with Treaty of Versailles – appealed to citizens’ feelings of humiliation

29. Italy Year1922 LeaderBenito Mussolini SupportersFascist Party – “blackshirts” Postwar Problems Strikes, riots Economic problems Reasons for Public Support High unemployment Dissatisfaction with terms of Treaty of Versailles Mussolini – WWI Veteran

30. Spain Year1939 LeaderFrancisco Franco SupportersFascist Party (Nationalists) Postwar Problems Civil war – Nationalists backed by Germans; Republicans backed by Soviets Labor strikes Reasons for Public Support Liberal reforms in 1931 constitution Intimidation

31. Japan Year1931 LeaderMilitary Leaders SupportersMilitarists Postwar Problems Needed natural resources to modernize Reasons for Public Support Worsening economic problems

32. Soviet Union Year1924 LeaderStalin SupportersCommunists Postwar Problems Economic failure People starving Reasons for Public Support Reign of Terror Great Purge