1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 2 Chemistry Comes Alive P A R T A

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Blood is collected from your patient and treated so it will not clot. This blood is placed in a long narrow tube that is placed vertically on a laboratory bench. In an hour, all the blood cells have settled to the bottom of the tube, leaving the rest of the tube filled with a clear, yellowish liquid called plasma. Why did the blood cells settle out of the blood?  A. blood is an acidic solution of cells and plasma that sticks to the tube  B. blood is a mixture of solids and gases that react with the air  C. blood is a solution of Na + and CL – ions that react to form a precipitate  D. blood is a suspension of cells in plasma that settles by gravity Human Blood Collection Bellringer – NOT to turn in

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Blood Collection Bellringer – NOT to turn in  Blood is collected from your patient and treated so it will not clot. This blood is placed in a long narrow tube that is placed vertically on a laboratory bench. In an hour, all the blood cells have settled to the bottom of the tube, leaving the rest of the tube filled with a clear, yellowish liquid called plasma. Why did the blood cells settle out of the blood?  A. blood is an acidic solution of cells and plasma that sticks to the tube  B. blood is a mixture of solids and gases that react with the air  C. blood is a solution of Na + and CL – ions that react to form a precipitate  D. blood is a suspension of cells in plasma that settles by gravity

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter  Anything that has mass and takes up space  States of matter  Solid – has definite shape and volume  Liquid – has definite volume, changeable shape  Gas – has changeable shape and volume  All are important in Anatomy & Physiology

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Matter  Elements – unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means  Atoms –building blocks for each element

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Elements of the Human Body  Oxygen (O)  Carbon (C)  Hydrogen (H)  Nitrogen (N)

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lesser and Trace Elements of the Human Body  Lesser elements make up 3.9% of the body and include: Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe)  Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the body

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings If given an element, identify if it is…  A major element of the body  A lesser element of the body  A trace element of the body  Vitamin Labels

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules and Compounds  Molecule – two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds  Compound – two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together (water or H 2 O is an example)

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mixtures and Solutions  Mixtures – two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded)  Example: blood cells in blood  Most mixtures can be separated by physical means  Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of components  Example: electrolytes such as Na + Cl -, K + CL -, etc.  Solvent – substance present in greatest amount  Solute – substance(s) present in smaller amounts

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Chemical Bonds  Ionic  Covalent  Hydrogen  Importance of polar and nonpolar molecules

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions  Catalysts – increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed  Enzymes = biological catalysts

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry  Organic compounds  Contain carbon, are covalently bonded, and are often large  Inorganic compounds  Do not contain carbon  Water, salts, and many acids and bases

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts (NaCL, KCL, Na 2 SO 4, etc.)  Inorganic compounds  Contain cations other than H + and anions other than OH –  Are electrolytes; they conduct electrical currents

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids and Bases  Acids release H + and are therefore proton donors HCl  H + + Cl –  Bases release OH – and are proton acceptors NaOH  Na + + OH –

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acid-Base Concentration (pH)  Acidic solutions have higher H + concentration and therefore a lower pH  Alkaline solutions have lower H + concentration and therefore a higher pH  Neutral solutions have equal H + and OH – concentrations

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acid-Base Concentration (pH)  Acidic: pH 0–6.99  Basic: pH 7.01–14  Neutral: pH 7.00  Blood has pH ~ 7.4  Most body fluids pH 7.2 – 7.6

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Buffers  Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids  Example: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in blood  Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons  The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in the blood

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bicarbonate Buffer System Removes Acid  If blood is too acidic:  HLac(aq) + HCO 3 - (aq) ↔ Lac - (aq) + H 2 CO 3 (aq)  Lactic Acid + Bicarbonate Lactate + Carbonic Acid  If blood is too basic (alkaline):  H 2 CO 3 (aq) ↔ H + (aq) + HCO 3 - (aq) Carbonic Acid Protons + Bicarbonate 

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic Compounds  Molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and hence are organic compounds  They include 4 important macromolecular biochemical polymers:  Carbohydrates  LipidsBe able to identify from  Proteinsdescriptions or pictures  Nucleic Acids }

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Their major function is to supply a source of cellular food  Examples:  Monosaccharides or simple sugars Figure 2.14a

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Polysaccharides or polymers of simple sugars Figure 2.14c

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates  Examples:  Neutral fats or triglycerides  Phospholipids  Steroids  Eicosanoids

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)  Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Figure 2.15a

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Lipids  Steroids – flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings Figure 2.15c

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Representative Lipids Found in the Body  Neutral fats – found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs  Phospholipids – chief component of cell membranes  Steroids – cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones  Fat-soluble vitamins – vitamins A, E, and K

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids  Building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group  Amino group NH 2  Carboxyl groups COOH

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amino Acids Figure 2.16a–c

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Examples of proteins

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein  Macromolecules composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds Figure 2.17 Amino acid Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Dipeptide Peptide bond +N H H C R H O N H H C R CC H O H2OH2O H2OH2O N H H C R C H O N H C R C H O OH

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous and Globular Proteins  Fibrous proteins  Extended and strand-like proteins  Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous and Globular Proteins  Globular proteins  Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures  Examples: antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Enzymes  Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze  Enzyme names usually end in -ase  Lower activation energy of a reaction

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus  Their structural unit, the nucleotide, is composed of N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Five nitrogen bases contribute to nucleotide structure – adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)  Two major classes – DNA and RNA

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)  Double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell  Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity  Provides instructions for protein synthesis

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of DNA Figure 2.22b

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)  Source of immediately usable energy for the cell  Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)