1. The New Monarchies: About 1450 -1600

2. Institutions of the Modern State Mid-1400s affected by war, civil war, class war, feudal rebellion Monarchs offered institution of central government as guarantee of law and order Proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power Enlisted support of middle class in town who tired of feuding nobles National taxes allowed monarchs to build standing armies to control nobles

3. Henry VII: Tudor England Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) ended “War of the Roses” –Conflict between houses of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) Henry Tudor (of larger Lancaster family) married into York family to unite families behind monarchy Created “Star Chamber” court, –Nobles often corrupted decisions in normal courts –Judged by king’s privy council –Settled property disputes and infractions of the public peace Prohibited lords’ “livery and maintenance” to prevent private armies

4. Valois France: Louis XI (r.1461-1483) Inherited standing army created to defeat English under Joan of Arc 1477: defeated Charles the Bold of Burgundy and doubled size of France Created centralized administration, postal service, and strong economy Supported by urban middle class against power of nobility

5. Valois France: Francis I (ruled 1515-1547) First humanist-schooled king of France Settled power struggle with Pope –Papacy to receive annual money income from French clergy –King to appoint French bishops and abbots, and so control French church Continued French invasion of Italy –Conflict with Hapsburg Charles V over Italy –Captured and ransomed by Charles V Hired Leonardo to work in Paris

6. Unification of Spain 1469: Prince Ferdinand (Aragon) and Princess Isabella (Castile) married to unite kingdoms –Kingdoms remained separate administratively and politically –Ferdinand defeated rival Portuguese when Isabella’s father died –Reconquista: 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella expelled Moors from Spain Unification took place around the church: Catholic faith became official religion –Inquisition: Spanishness was associated with Catholicism –Formerly tolerant Spain expelled Muslim Moors and Jews –Fear grew of recently converted Christians who could still be loyal to Muslim or Jewish groups

7. Habsburg Germany Germany divided into princely states, ecclesiastical states, and free cities, loosely joined in HRE Bribery caused electors to choose Habsburgs as “Holy Roman Emperor” from 1452 to 1806 Maximillian (r. 1493-1511) –Married heiress to the duke of Burgundy (east of France) –Son Philip married Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, who produced Charles V –1519: Charles V became HRE and monarch of Netherlands, Austria, Burgundy, Spain –Hungarians elected Charles V’s brother, Ferdinand, as their king

8. Results: Early 1500s New monarchs competed for land, but consolidation came most successfully by marriage Strong centralized leaders were necessary to pay for standing armies; standing armies created strong leaders Strong centralized monarchs competed with Pope for power Consolidated new monarchies would dominate colonial experience Monarchs still required great cooperation from nobility