1. Food Safety and Testing Dr Jennifer Newton BSc, MSc, PhD Managing Director

2. Very, very small...

3. Bacteria are everywhere!

5. Binary Fission Reproduction by Bacteria Replication

6. 20 minutes 1 2 40 minutes4 1 hour8 1 hour 20 minutes16 64 321 hour 40 minutes 2 hours 1282 hour 20 minutes 2562 hour 40 minutes 3 hours512 3 hours 20 minutes1024 3 hours 40 minutes2048 4 hours4096 4 hours 20 minutes8192 4 hours 40 minutes16384 5 hours32,768 Exponential Growth of Bacteria

7. To put it another way,... In one day one bacteria will produce 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 That would take humans 1,520 years

8. How do we Keep Food Safe? Separation of low – risk from high risk – High Risk those foods people will eat without heating (ready to eat) – Low Risk those foods people usually do not eat without cooking; e.g. raw meat Good personal hygiene Cleaning Pest Control Proper temperature control

9. Above 80C most bacteria die Room temperature and body temperature most bacteria grow very qickly Below 0C most bacteria also do not multiply Temperature and Bacteria

10. Controlling Bacteria’s Growth Heating to very hot Freezing Chilling Use of chemicals (acid e.g. vinegar, preservatives, salt)

11. How do we know for certain if food is safe to eat? Have a laboratory test it. Food with disease causing bacteria in it tastes and smells the same as food without it.