1. Gastrointestinal System Jenna Stellato, Lauren Gomez, and Marissa LaLuna Essentially,a long tube running through the body with specialized sections capable of digesting material...

2. Esophagus ❖ Used to pass food to the stomach ❖ Stratified squamous epithelial tissue ❖ Secretes mucus ❖ Mucus glands help the passage of food

3. Stomach

4. Structure of Stomach ❖ J-shaped ❖ Two openings- ➢ esophageal and duodenal ❖ Four regions

5. Function of Stomach ❖ Fundus ➢ collects digestive gases ❖ Cardia ➢ opening of the esophagus, into stomach ❖ Body ➢ secretes acid with enzymes that digest food ❖ Pylorus ➢ responsible for mucus, gastrin, and pepsinogen

6. Gastric Secretions ❖ Mucus ➢ coats & lubricates the gastric surface and protects epithelium from acidic substances ❖ Acid ➢ important for activation pepsinogen and inactivation of bacteria ❖ Protease ➢ type of protein that speed up the breakdown of others ❖ Hormones ➢ a hormone called gastrin is secreted from the gastric epithelium and it controls acid secretion

7. Mixing and Emptying Actions ❖ Chyme- a semifluid paste of food particles and gastric juice ❖ Peristaltic waves push the chyme toward the pyloric region ❖ The stomach’s contractions push the chyme to the small intestine ❖ Most food will pass through the stomach fast and easily, but some fatty foods may stay in the stomach longer

8. Pancreas ❖ Glandular organ

9. Structure of Pancreas ❖ Located below the stomach ❖ Three parts ➢ head, body, and tail

10. Function of Pancreas ❖ Endocrine gland that produces several important hormones, like insulin and glucagon ❖ Contains digestive enzymes which help to break down carbs, proteins, and lipids

11. Pancreatic Juice ❖ A watery fluid secreted by the pancreas which contains enzymes that break down partially digested food in the small intestine.

12. Liver ❖ Detoxifies blood to get rid of harmful substances

13. Liver Structure ❖ A triangular organ which extends across abdominal cavity ❖ Made up of pinkish-brown tissue and connective tissue ❖ Contains bile ducts which are tubes that carry bile through the liver and the gallbladder

14. Liver Functions ❖ Stores vitamins and iron ❖ Stores glucose ❖ Converts stored sugar into usable sugar ❖ Destroys old red blood cells

15. Gallbladder ❖ Pear-shaped sac ❖ composed of three parts: ➢ neck,body,fundus ❖ Stores and concentrates bile: ➢ a liquid that the body uses to digest fat and neutralize acid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnzwbipJuAA&saf e=active

16. Small Intestine ❖ Where most of the chemical and mechanical digestion is carried out

17. Structure of Small Intestine ❖ Smooth muscle wall

18. Function of Small Intestine ❖ Peristalsis- Rhythmic contraction to digest food ➢ Duodenum: Neutralizes acidic gastric materials to continue the digestive process ➢ Jejunum: Handles absorption of carbohydrates and proteins, vitamins, minerals, and iron ➢ Ileum: Coiled parts of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients from digested food

19. Large Intestine ❖ Far larger than small intestine ❖ Digestion already took place in small intestine ❖ Gets rid of wastes in the body

20. Structure of the Large Intestine ❖ Is 5ft. long ❖ 6 regions: cecum,ascending colon, and rectum, Transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

21. Function of the Large Intestine ❖ Salt and water absorption takes place here ❖ Maintaining fluid balance ❖ Some vitamins are absorbed here

22. Diseases of Gastrointestinal System ❖ Acid reflex- Symptoms- Heartburn,Regurgitation,Nausea Treatment- Medications (antacids),Diet, surgery in extreme cases

23. Diseases of Gastrointestinal System ❖ Gallstones - ➢ pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder ➢ develop because cholesterol and pigments in bile which sometimes form into hard particles ❖ Cholesterol Stones- yellow-green (most common) ❖ Pigment Stones- small and darker color ❖ Symptoms not present in most cases

24. Diseases of Gastrointestinal System Gastritis- ➢ inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining ➢ caused by alcohol use, bacterial or viral infections, or the use of certain medications ❖ Symptoms- abdominal pain/bloating, vomiting, indigestion, loss of appetite ❖ Treatments- upper endoscopy, blood tests, stool tests, antacids (to reduce stomach acid) ❖ Crohn’s Disease- ➢ inflammatory bowel disease which can cause inflammation of the digestive tract ❖ Symptoms- abdominal pain, diarrhea and malnutrition ❖ Therapy can help the pain ❖ People with Crohn’s disease can still function and live a normal everyday life

25. Video http://youtu.be/URHBBE3RKEs