1. 2. Survey of VANETs A Tutorial Survey on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
State of the art and research challenges for VANETs
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

2. 2.1 Introduction
VANETs comprise vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications based on wireless local area network technologies.
Vehicular connectivity can be fairly considered a future killer application, adding extra value to the car industry and operator’s services.
Such system should be suitable for a wide spectrum of applications, including safety-related, traffic and fleet control, and entertainment.
The major goals of these activities are to increase road safety and transportation efficiency, as well as to reduce the impact of transportation on the environment.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

3. 2.2 Wireless Spectrum
The allocation of 74 MHz of DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) spectrum to accommodate Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication for safety-related applications by US Federal Communications Commission (1999).
The wide adoption of IEEE technologies.
IEEE is a set of standards carrying out wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

4. 2.3 VANET Applications
Integrating a network interface, GPS receiver, different sensors and on-board computer given an opportunity to build a powerful car-safety systems, capable of gathering, processing and distributing information.
Four main groups from the connectivity point of view
car-to-car traffic
car-to-infrastructure
car-to-home
routing-based
Theses applications are either safety-related or comfort-related.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

5. Safety-related applications
Safety-related applications may be grouped in three main classes: assistance (navigation, cooperative collision avoidance, and lane-changing), information (speed limit or work zone info) and warning (post crash, obstacle or road condition warnings).
They usually demand direct communication due to their delay-critical nature.
One such application would be emergency notification, e.g. emergency braking alarms.
Another, more advanced example is cooperative driver assistance systems, which exploits the exchange of sensor data or other status information among cars.
Comfort applications
The general aim of these applications is to improve passenger comfort and traffic efficiency.
That could include POI (Points Of Interest) localization, current traffic or weather information and interactive communication.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

6. 2.4 Research Challenges in VANETs
All kinds of applications, which may run on top of TCP/IP stack might be applied here, e.g. online games or instant messaging.
Another application is reception of data from commercial vehicles and roadside infrastructure about their business.
2.4 Research Challenges in VANETs
The unique characteristics of VANETs
rapid topology changes and frequent fragmentation, resulting in small effective network diameter
virtually no power constrains
variable, highly dynamic scale and network density
driver might adjust his behavior reacting to the data received from the network, inflicting a topology change
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

7. Wireless Access technology
Cellular technology (2/2.5/3G)
IEEE p based technology
Combined wireless access: CALM M5 (Continuous Air Interface for Long and Medium range)
Spectrum issues
The FCC has already allocated 75 MHz of spectrum at 5.9 GHz (from to GHz) for C2C and C2I communication (US).
Europe allocates 210 MHz for primary use of safety critical applications at 5.9 GHz range (5.875 – GHz).
The same technology would then allow using additional spectrum at either in the 5 GHz RLAN band or in the 5.8 GHz IRM (industrial, scientific and medical) band for non-safety critical and commercial applications.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

8. Broadcasting and message dissemination
Narrow bandwidth solutions: FM radio
Wider bandwidth digital services: DAB, DVB, DVB-H, S-DMB, T-DMB and DDB
Satellite broadcasting
Location-aware broadcasting would limit the broadcast range only to the site of interest, thus reducing overhead.
Routing issues
Frequent network partitioning in VANETs requires a different approach, e.g. the ‘carry and forward’ idea, where, if no direct route exists, a packet is carried by a node until it could be forwarded to a node being closer to the destination.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

9. VANET modeling and simulation
Power management
Power management in VANET is not concerned about energy efficiency, but rather about the transmission power – when too high, the ongoing transmission could disrupt another transmission at a distant node due to interferences.
Security and Privacy
Several threats potentially exist, including fake messages causing disruption of traffic or even danger, compromising drivers’ private information, etc.
Anonymity must be preserved – the communications should not make the vehicle tracking or identification possible for non-trusted parties.
VANET modeling and simulation
Vehicles do not move randomly but rather follow the road infrastructure; road signs, traffic lights and other cars influence nodes’ behavior.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

10. 2.5 Current Projects and Standardization
Nodes move at high relative speed, network density changes very dynamically, depending on location, recent events (e.g. accidents) or time of day.
2.5 Current Projects and Standardization
Europe
Cooperative driving: carTALK 2000
Driver information and warning issues: PReVent WILLWARN, SAFESPOT, FleetNet
USA
VSC (Vehicle Safety Communication Consortium): working on the development of DSRC standards, protocols and applications, applying inter-vehicle and road-to-vehicle communications.
ISA Lab., CICS, CU

11. Japan Vehicle cooperative systems
ASV stands for an Advanced Safety Vehicle and builds on C2CC.
AHS stands for Advanced Highway System, and is promoted by Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway System Research Association (ASHRA).
ISA Lab., CICS, CU