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IPv4 and Subnetting. CIDR notation Address class is no longer uniquely identifiable from the address  We must find a way of telling routers the size.

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Presentation on theme: "IPv4 and Subnetting. CIDR notation Address class is no longer uniquely identifiable from the address  We must find a way of telling routers the size."— Presentation transcript:

1 IPv4 and Subnetting

2 CIDR notation Address class is no longer uniquely identifiable from the address  We must find a way of telling routers the size of the network part of the address  Done by including a number along with the network address  E.g. 73.5.0.0/ 17 In the above example, the first 17 bits of the address are the network part You can search for more example CIDR address blocks at http://www.arin.net http://www.arin.net

3 CIDR notation The CIDR notation will tell you how many IP addresses are available in that subnet.

4 How does a company allocate a large pool of addresses? 5 - 4 Ex. UNCW has 152.20.0.0 / 16 which gives them a possible 65,536 IP addresses (2 (32-16) ) Possible approach to assigning IP addresses: As soon as a computer comes online, you can assign them the next IP address available. Desktop in CIS Laptop in Union Workstation in Library

5 How does a company allocate a large pool of addresses? 5 - 5 Alternative Method: Each college or building allocated a contiguous set of IP addresses Desktop in CIS Laptop in Union Workstation in Library CIS 152.20.1.0 - 152.20.1.255 Fisher Union 152.20.2.0 - 152.20.2.255 Library 152.20.3.0 - 152.20.3.255

6 Subnetting and network structure Each Ethernet is given a unique subnetwork ID  Enables broadcasting within the Ethernet  Each computer on the Ethernet must be part of this network Subnetting enables the partition of a large address pool into multiple smaller blocks

7 Subnets and IP Addresses What does UNCW’s IP Addresses look like?

8 3-part interpretation of IP addresses 8

9 Subnets - How do you decide who gets what address? 5 - 9 Group of computers on the same LAN with IP numbers using the same prefix Assigned addresses  For example: Subnet 152.20.234.x – Computers in CIS labs (x is between 0 & 255) Subnet 152.20.244.x & 152.20.196.x – Computers in CIS Offices (x is between 0 & 255) Subnet 129.79.125.x – Computers in Cameron Does anyone see a problem with the subnets above?

10 Subnet: Example 5 - 10 CIS 152.20.244.X 172.20.101.X Cameron 172.20.102.X Psych 172.20.103.X Library 172.20.104.X R R R R R Address: 152.20.5.56 Address: 152.20.5.70 Address: 152.20.244.254 Address: 172.20.104.254 Campus Backbone Address: 152.20.5.X

11 Basic Subnetting 5 - 11 How do we create 2 subnets?

12 Basic Subnetting 5 - 12 How do we create 3 subnets?

13 Basic Subnetting 5 - 13 How do we create 4 subnets?

14 Subnetting example Consider an organization with a /16 network address block (131.247.0.0/ 16)  Most medium-large organizations fall in this category  Also, most State Universities  Say, after analysis, the organization settles on 5-bit subnet IDs

15 Example with 5-bit subnet IDs Subnet IDCampus unitSubnet IDCampus unitSubnet IDCampus unit 00001 (1)College 100010 (2)College 200011 (3)College 3 00100 (4)College 400101 (5)College 500110 (6)College 6 00111 (7)College 701000 (8)College 801001 (9)College 9 01010 (10)College 1001011 (11) 01100 (12) 01101 (13)Dorm 101110 (14)Dorm 201111 (15) 10000 (16) 10001 (17)Branch campus 110010 (18)Branch campus 2 10011 (19) 10100 (20)Administration10101 (21)Campus IT 10110 (22) 10111 (23) 11000 (24) 11001 (25) 11010 (26) 11011 (27) 11100 (28) 11101 (29) 11110 (30)

16 Network ID + subnet ID for colleges in example Campus unitSubnet IDFirst 2 parts of IP addresses by college College 10000110000011.11110111.00001_ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 20001010000011.11110111.00010 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 30001110000011.11110111.00011 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 40010010000011.11110111.00100 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 50010110000011.11110111.00101 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 60011010000011.11110111.00110 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 70011110000011.11110111.00111 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 80100010000011.11110111.01000 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 90100110000011.11110111.01001 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ College 100101010000011.11110111.01010 _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

17 Complete subnet addresses for colleges in example Campus unitSubnet address (binary)Subnet address (decimal) College 110000011.11110111.00001000.00000000131.247.8.0/ 21 College 210000011.11110111.00010000.00000000131.247.16.0/ 21 College 310000011.11110111.00011000.00000000131.247.24.0/ 21 College 410000011.11110111.00100000.00000000131.247.32.0/ 21 College 510000011.11110111.00101000.00000000131.247.40.0/ 21 College 610000011.11110111.00110000.00000000131.247.48.0/ 21 College 710000011.11110111.00111000.00000000131.247.56.0/ 21 College 810000011.11110111.01000000.00000000131.247.64.0/ 21 College 910000011.11110111.01001000.00000000131.247.72.0/ 21 College 1010000011.11110111.01010000.00000000131.247.80.0/ 21

18 Subnet Masks Used to make it easier to separate the subnet part of the address from the host part. Example  Subnet: 149.61.10.x  Subnet mask: 255.255.255.000 or in binary 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Example  Subnets: 149.61.10.1-128,  Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 or, in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 5 - 18

19 Subnet mask operation What does a subnet mask do?  The 0’s in the subnet mask block (mask) the corresponding bits in any destination address  The 1’s in the subnet mask allow the corresponding bits to be seen  The Result is the subnet address

20 How a network is setup for IP addresses 5 - 20 Determine the Total Number of Hosts

21 How a network is setup for IP addresses 5 - 21 Determine the Number and Size of the Networks

22 How a network is setup for IP addresses 5 - 22 Allocating Addresses

23 How a network is setup for IP addresses 5 - 23 Allocating Addresses

24 How a network is setup for IP addresses Within the address range of each IPv4 network, we have three types of addresses: Network address - The address by which we refer to the network Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network 5 - 24

25 Case study – networks in the retail sector Both Wal-Mart and K-Mart started in 1962 K-Mart grew rapidly at first  250 stores in 1967, compared to 18 Wal-Marts  Each K-Mart store had 6 times the revenue of a Wal-Mart store 2002  K-Mart filed for bankruptcy  For the first time, Wal-Mart was the largest company in America by revenue

26 Among other factors Wal-Mart relied on IT  First computer network using phone lines in 1977 To improve inventory refills  Satellite network in 1987 Cut credit card processing time by half  EDI, RetailLink K-Mart relied on managerial expertise  Used spreadsheets to track supply and demand

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