1. p. 1071 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 1 of 7). Primary oocyte Follicle cells Primordial follicles in egg nest LM ×1440 1 p. 1072

3. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 2 of 7). Thecal cells Zona pellucida Granulosa cells Primary oocytes Formation of primary follicle LM ×1092 2 p. 1072

4. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 3 of 7). Formation of secondary follicle Granulosa cells Nucleus of primary oocyte Zona pellucida Thecal cells LM ×1052 3 p. 1072

5. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 4 of 7). Secondary oocyte Antrum containing follicular fluid Granulosa cells Corona radiata Formation of tertiary follicle LM ×136 4 p. 1072

6. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 5 of 7). Released secondary oocyte Primordial follicles Primary follicle Tertiary follicle Secondary follicle Corpus luteum Corpus albicans Corona radiata Secondary oocyte within corona radiata Ruptured follicle wall Outer surface of ovary Follicular fluid Ovulation LM ×70 5 p. 1072

7. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 6 of 7). Formation of corpus luteum LM ×208 6 p. 1072

8. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 7 of 7). Formation of corpus albicans LM ×208 7 p. 1072

9. ←Primary follicle ←Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle → p. 1072 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. p. 1072 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Figure 28-24 Regulation of Female Reproduction (Part 5 of 6). Gonadotropic hormone levels (IU/L) Follicle stages during the ovarian cycle Ovarian hormone levels FOLLICULAR PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLELUTEAL PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLE Follicle developmentOvulation Corpus luteum formation Mature corpus luteum Corpus albicans Progesterone Estrogens Inhibin FSH LH GnRH pulse frequency (pulses/day) 10 20 30 40 50 28/07142128/0 Days p. 1085

12. p. 1069 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. p. 1070 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Figure 28-14b The Ovaries and Their Relationships to the Uterine Tube and Uterus. Uterine tube Corpus luteum Cortex Tunica albuginea Mature follicle Germinal epithelium Egg nest Ovarian hilum Broad ligament Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesenteries of the Ovary and Uterine Tube A sectional view of the ovary, uterine tube, and associated mesenteries b p. 1070

15. p. 1076 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. p. 1074 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Figure 28-18b The Uterus. Uterosacral ligament Cardinal ligaments (under broad ligament) Suspensory ligament of ovary Broad ligament Round ligament of uterus Urinary bladder A superior view of the ligaments that stabilize the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity. Ovary Ovarian ligament Uterine tube Vesicouterine pouch POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Sigmoid colon Uterus b p. 1076

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Figure 28-19a The Uterine Wall. Perimetrium Straight artery Myometrium Endometrium Uterine glands Uterine cavity Radial artery Uterine artery A diagrammatic sectional view of the uterine wall, showing the endometrial regions and the blood supply to the endometrium Spiral artery Arcuate arteries a p. 1077

20. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-19b The Uterine Wall. Uterine cavity Simple columnar epithelium Uterine glands Functional zone Basilar zone Myometrium Endometrium Uterine wall LM×32 The basic histological structure of the uterine wall b p. 1077

21. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-20a The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle. Perimetrium Endometrium Myometrium Cervix MensesLM ×63 Uterine glands Uterine cavity The endometrium at menses Basilar zone of endometrium a p. 1078

22. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle. Uterine cavity Myometrium Proliferative phaseLM ×66 Uterine cavity Uterine glands The endometrium during the proliferative phase Functional zone Basilar zone b p. 1078

23. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle. Uterine glands Uterine cavity Detail of uterine glands LM ×150 Secretory phaseLM ×52 The endometrium during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle Functional zone c p. 1078

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 1085 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 1 of 2). Fornix Rugae Vaginal canal Hymen Vestibule Greater vestibular gland Labia minora Vaginal artery Vaginal vein p. 1079

26. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 2 of 2). The vaginal wall LM ×25 Lumen of vaginal canal Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized) Lamina propria Blood vessels Bundles of smooth muscle fibers p. 1079

27. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia. External Genitalia Clitoris Prepuce Mons pubis Glans Vestibule Labia minora Hymen (torn) Labia majora Anus Greater vestibular gland Vaginal entrance Vestibular bulb Urethral opening p. 1080

29. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia. External Genitalia Clitoris Prepuce Mons pubis Glans Vestibule Labia minora Hymen (torn) Labia majora Anus Greater vestibular gland Vaginal entrance Vestibular bulb Urethral opening p. 1080

30. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-23a The Mammary Gland. Pectoralis major muscle Pectoral fat pad Suspensory ligaments Lobules of two lobes of the mammary gland Nipple Areola Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct The mammary gland of the left breast a p. 1082

31. p. 1084 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 28-25 Regulation of Female Reproduction(Slide 3) The ovarian and uterine cycles must operate in synchrony to ensure proper reproductive function. If the two cycles are not properly coordinated, infertility results. A female who doesn’t ovulate cannot conceive, even if her uterus is perfectly normal. A female who ovulates normally, but whose uterus is not ready to support an embryo, will also be infertile. As in males, GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates reproductive function in females. However, in females, GnRH levels change throughout the course of the ovarian cycle. The cycle begins with the release of GnRH, which stimulates the production and secretion of FSH and the production—but not the secretion—of LH. HYPOTHALAMUS Release of Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release of GnRH ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND The follicular phase begins when FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to develop into a tertiary follicle. Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle As secondary follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of inhibin. Developing follicles also secrete estrogens, especially estradiol (es-tra-DĪ-ol), the dominant hormone prior to ovulation. In low concentrations, estrogens inhibit LH secretion. This inhibition gradually decreases as estrogen levels climb. Negative feedback Follicle development Secretion of inhibin Secretion of estrogens OVARY Production and secretion of FSH Production of LH Secretion of LH Before day 10 After day 10 Meiosis I completion Ovulation Corpus luteum formation Secretion of progesterone The combination of increased GnRH pulse frequency and elevated estrogen levels stimulates LH secretion. Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle On or around day 14, a massive surge in LH level triggers (1) the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte, (2) the forceful rupture of the follicular wall, (3) ovulation, roughly 9 hours after the LH peak, and (4) formation of the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which stimulates and sustains endometrial development. After ovulation, progesterone levels rise and estrogen levels fall. This suppresses GnRH secretion. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will degenerate after 12 days, and as progesterone levels decline, GnRH secretion increases, and a new cycle begins. KEY Stimulation Inhibition Effects on CNS Stimulation of bone and muscle growth Establishment and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics Maintenance of accessory glands and organs Stimulation of endometrial growth and secretion 321 p. 1084 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. p. 1085 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.