1. Histology
The study of tissues

2. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment.
We Don’t Like Stress.
Physiology identifies and studies the mechanisms of homeostasis.
Controlled by Two Systems A. B.

3. Levels of Organization
Cells
Tissues
organs
organ system
organism

4. Tissues groups of cells with a common structure and function
Four categories
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

5. Epithelial tissue location: outside of body, line organs and cavities
Function: barrier, absorption or secretion
Glandular  secretory portion of gland
2 types
simple - one layer
stratified - multiple layers
“pseudostratified” appears stratified due to cells of various lengths

6. Epithelial tissue Cell Shapes squamous - floor tiles cuboidal - dice
columnar - bricks on end

7. Simple Squamous Leaky to allow diffusion/osmosis.
Capillaries, alveoli.
May be keratinized on body surfaces.
Connective Tissue
Basement Membrane

8. Stratified Squamous Readily sloughed off. Skin, anus, vagina.
Connective Tissue

9. Simple Cuboidal
Area of secretion or absorption.

10. Stratified Cubiodal

11. Simple Columnar Ciliated Columnar
High secretion and absorption, High SA/VOL
Lumen of vessel

12. Pseudostratified Columnar
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Some cells do not reach the surface

13. Connective Tissue MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF TISSUE.
binds and supports other tissues, TRANSPORT, FRAMEWORK, STORE ENERGY
cells create a matrix/ web of fibers [Matrix non- living web of fibers.]
3 kinds of fibers
collagenous fiber - made of collagen
Elastic fibers - Elastin Protein
reticular fibers - Thin collagen fibers

14. Types connective tissue
loose connective binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs
1-Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins
2-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s; phagocytosis
3-Adipose tissue- fat storage; insulation
Types connective tissue

15. Types of Connective Tissue
fibrous connective - parallel Bundles of cells
Ligaments, Tendons,
cartilage - collagen in rubbery matrix
bone - mineralized tissue
blood - liquid plasma matrix

16. Collagen
Tough, somewhat flexible protein. Provides the toughness of meats.
Very strong, resists longitudinal stress (tensile strength). Underlies epithelial tissue.

17. Elastic fibers Long threads of elastin.
Easily returns to original shape (rubberband). This is from an aorta. Also found in skin and lungs.
Small, unbranched.
Secreted by fibroblasts.
Nuclei of Fibroblast

18. Loose Connective Tissue (areolar)
Loose web of fibers (all 3)
Fills space between organs (Styrofoam peanuts). Gel-like matrix.
Composed of elastin (elasticity), collagen (strength), reticular fibers (support/form).
Edema: excess interstitial fluid absorbed by LCT

19. Dense Connective tissue
Tendon
Fibrous Connective Tissue.
Bundles of collagenous fibers. Secreted by fibroblasts.
Non-elastic. Resists pulling forces
Fxn: strong attachment between structures (tendons & ligaments)
Nuclei of Fibroblast

20. Cartilage Hyaline Elastic cartilage Chondrocyte
Large amount of collagen, embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
Provide rigid support. Nose, ear, trachea, interverterbral disks.
Reduces friction on ends of long bones, absorbs shock

21. Blood Neutrophil Eosinophil R.B.C’s W.B.C.
Connective tissue with liquid matrix (plasma). Two types of cells RBC’s (Erythrocytes) and WBC’s (Leukocytes)
Plasma composed of H2O, NaCl, plasma proteins

22. Adipose (FAT)
15% Male body wt.
22% Female body wt.
Adipocyte
Nucleus

23. Bone Support, protection, storage, movement. Osteocytes
Haversian System/ Canal
Osteocytes produce collagen + calcium phosphate  hydroxyapatite

25. Muscle Tissue
long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting when stimulated
3 types
Smooth - involuntary
Skeletal - voluntary
cardiac - walls of heart

26. Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Fxn: Motion, Heat production, maintain posture.
Highly specialized for contraction
Striated, branched.
Intercalated disks to speed impulse.
Aka. Voluntary

27. Smooth Muscle aka: visceral, unstriated.
Surround hollow structures (stomach, blood vessels, intestine, bladder.

28. Nervous tissue neuron or nerve cell
specialized to transmit nerve impulses
Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron
Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector

29. Neuron and Glial Cells

30. Nervous Tissue
Neuromuscular Junction

31. Create a presentation: use microscope pictures
Show the All types of epithelial:
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified squamous, simple columnar
tell what they are
where they would be located
SHow types of connective tissue and what they do:
adipose, cartilage, loose connective, ground bone (no longer a ground bone slide)
show the 3 kinds of muscle tissue and how to tell them apart:
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Show a neuron - what are the axons and dendrites? - Use a web picture

32. Organ systems Digestive-food processing
Organ: organization of tissues
Mesentaries: suspension of organs (connective tissue)
Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)
Abdominal cavity (intestines)
Diaphragm (respiration)
Organ systems…...
Digestive-food processing
Circulatory-internal distribution
Respiratory-gas exchange
Immune/Lymphatic-defense
Excretory-waste disposal; osmoregulation
Endocrine-coordination of body activities
Reproductive-reproduction
Nervous-detection of stimuli
Integumentary-protection
Skeletal-support; protection
Muscular-movement; locomotion

33. Regulation of Internal Environment
Interstitial fluid: internal environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance
Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored
response counteracts the initial fluctuation;
i.e., body temperature
i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth

34. Positive Feedback
Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change triggers mechanisms that amplify the change;

35. Metabolism: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
Size vs. Metabolic Rate
Inverse relationship
Small = high metabolic rate
Large = low metabolic rate
Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat
Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)

36. Countercurrent exchange
Counter Current - Common process in multiple systems
Heat exchange example