1. ACIDS AND BASES KONICHEK

2. III ACIDS BASES AND PH A. acids- this is any substance which produces a hydronium ion when in dissolved in water. ( HCl) 1. Hydronium ion is H 3 O or H+ ion 2. characteristics of acids a. taste sour b. donate protons c. turn blue litmus red 3. strong acids ionize completely- Nitric acid. 4. Weak acids only partially ionize the water molecule

3. B. Bases- Any substance which produces OH- (hydroxide ion) ions when dissolved in water. ( NaOH) 1. characteristics of bases a. taste bitter b, proton acceptor c, taste bitter d. feel slippery

4. C. Measuring acidity-Measure the number of hydronium ions in solution 1. pH scale- This is a scale which measures the hydronium ion concentration. pH = -log[H+] a. a logarithmic scale as -Log {H+} goes from 10 0 to 1.0 -14 1. 10 -4 has a pH of 4, so pH goes from 0 to 14, 0 very acidic, and 14 basic

5. pH in terms of ions

6. Here are a couple of definitions you should know: -Acid: A solution that has an excess of H+ ions. It comes from the Latin word acidus that means "sharp" or "sour". -Base: A solution that has an excess of OH- ions. Another word for base is alkali. -Aqueous: A solution that is mainly water. Think about the word aquarium. AQUA means water. -Strong Acid: An acid that has a very low pH (0-4). -Strong Base: A base that has a very high pH (10-14). -Weak Acid: An acid that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (3-6). -Weak Base: A base that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10). -Neutral: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither

7. D, Neutralization reactions- a reaction which a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion combine to form a water molecule. 1.Strong acids and strong bases reaction to form salt water a. HCl + NaOH----> H 2 O+ NaCl 1. double replacement reaction. 2. Not all acid and base reactions neutralize each other, weak base and strong acids, so it takes more weak acid to neutralize a strong base.

8. IV ACIDS AND BASES IN THE HOME A. Cleaning products 1. soap- a reaction between a fatty acid and a base a. fatty acid radical dissolves greases and the COO- allows it to dissolve in water. 2. detergents- use the sulfate radical rather than the carboxylate group a, chains come from petroleum distillates rather than animal fats 3. ammonia- ammonia gas is dissolved in water forming a basic solution a. hydroxide ions react with greasy dirt causing the dirt and grease to emulsify in water, so it can be drained away. B. Disinfectants-bleach( NaClO 2 - sodium chlorite, or sodium hyperchlorite(NaClO) 1. kills harmful bacteria C. antacids- Neutralizes the acid in the stomach 1. calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide D. Acids and bases in the kitchen 1. Vinegar- acetic acid 2. baking soda- sodium hydrogen carbonate( base) 3. drain cleaners potassium hydroxide- KOH