1. Agriculture and other primary economic activities Agriculture: the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

2. Three sectors of economic activity: 1. Primary (agriculture, mining, etc.) 2. Secondary (industry) 3. Tertiary (service) a. Quaternary b. Quinary

3. Early peoples were hungers and gatherers, and by 8000 B.C.E., many had settled down because they were able to cultivate crops and domesticate animals

4. Changes brought about by the Neolithic Revolution 1. increase in reliable food supplies 2. rapid increase in total human population 3. job specialization 4. widening of gender differences 5. development of distinction between settled people and nomads

5. Carl Sauer: first cultivation was vegetative planting, or planting from existing plants (cutting stems or dividing roots)

6. Seed agriculture came later. (Sauer, again) Western India Northern China Ethiopia Diffused elsewhere

7. Two independent sites in Western hemisphere Southern Mexico Northern Peru

9. Second Agricultural Revolution Western Europe, 1600s use of fertilizers improved collars for draft animals so they could pull heavier loads Led to Industrial Revolution!

10. Subsistence agriculture most prevalent in LDCs and is the production of only enough food to feed the farmer’s family, with little or no surplus to sell. In LDCs, high percentage of people in subsistence agriculture Work done with hand tools and animal power Small farm size

11. Subsistence farming subregions

12. Commercial Agriculture Farmers and ranchers sell all of their output for money and buy family food at stores. Dominant in more developed countries

13. Types of Commercial Farming 1. Mixed crop and livestock farming U.S. west of the Appalachian mountains Europe from France through Russia grow both crops, much of which is fed to livestock, and livestock practice crop rotation

14. 2. Dairy farming outlying large urban areas milkshed—the ring of milk production surrounding a major city

15. 3. Grain farming from Oklahoma, Kansas & Colorado north into Canada “World’s breadbasket”

16. 4. Livestock ranching the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area often in arid or semi-arid regions

17. 5. Mediterranean agriculture

18. 6. Commercial gardening and fruit farming Southeast U.S. truck farming Rely heavily on machinery & fertilizers Migrant labor

19. 7. Plantation farming a large farm that specializes in one or two crops found in Africa, Latin America, Asia

20. What model is this? RIGHT! Von Thunen Intensive agriculture closest to city Extensive agriculture farther from city

21. Patterns of settlement dispersed Hamlets or villages

22. Housing styles and building materials

23. Village definition and size varies by region dwellings and a few commercial buildings most people work in primary sector

24. Village forms 1. round village East Africa and parts of Europe

25. 2. walled village

26. 3. Grid village

27. 4. Linear Village

28. 5. Cluster village

29. Land ownership Primogeniture—the land is passed on to the eldest son Northern Europe and former British empire countries Land is divided equally among heirs Asia, Africa, southern Europe

30. Survey techniques 1. rectangular survey system

31. 2. Metes and bounds Natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land

32. 3. long-lot survey system narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals to give more people access to transportation

33. Third Agricultural Revolution began in mid 20 th century and is based on new, higher-yielding varieties of crops developed in laboratories and plant nurseries through biotechnology, the use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation of livestock in order to increase production.

34. Green Revolution the use of new higher- yield seeds the expanded use of fertilizer

36. Environmental Impacts of Modern Agriculture 1. Erosion

37. 2. Changes in the organic content of soil Desertification

38. 3. Depletion of natural vegetation

39. 4. Presence of chemicals in soil and ground water

40. 5. Loss of available farmland

41. How do we ensure future food supplies? 1. Expansion of agricultural land has been the most common way, but there are problems with this method. 11% of world’s land is currently cultivated most of remaining land is not arable land has been lost to desertification land has been lost to urbanization

42. 2. Increase land productivity

43. 3. Identification of new food sources

44. 4. Improved distribution of food

45. We’re done with agriculture!