1. Ground Cover 1 References References IFSTA Essentials of Fire Fighting Edition IFSTA Essentials of Fire Fighting Fifth Edition IFSTA Essentials of Fire Fighting Edition Fire Fighter I & II Presentations IFSTA Essentials of Fire Fighting Fifth Edition Fire Fighter I & II Presentations Delmar Firefighters Handbook Essentials of Firefighting and Emergency Response Delmar Firefighters Handbook Essentials of Firefighting and Emergency Response National Wildfire Coordinating Group National Wildfire Coordinating Group National Wildfire Coordination Group, Nation Interagency Fire Center National Wildfire Coordination Group, Nation Interagency Fire Center

2. 2 Wildland Fires Require Full PPE !!!

3. Standard Firefighting Orders 3 1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecast. 1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecast. 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times. 2. Know what your fire is doing at all times. 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire. 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire. 4. Identify escape routes and safety zones, and make them known. 4. Identify escape routes and safety zones, and make them known.

4. Standard Firefighting Orders 4 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger. 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger. 6. Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively. 6. Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively. 7. Maintain proper communications with your forces, your supervisor and adjoining forces. 7. Maintain proper communications with your forces, your supervisor and adjoining forces.

5. Standard Firefighting Orders 5 8. Give clear instructions and insure they are understood. 8. Give clear instructions and insure they are understood. 9. Maintain control of your forces at all times. 9. Maintain control of your forces at all times. 10. Fight fire aggressively, having provided for all safety first. 10. Fight fire aggressively, having provided for all safety first.

6. The firefighter shall correctly define wildfire terms as used as in the fire service: 6 (a.) Mop – up (a.) Mop – up (b.) Direct attack (b.) Direct attack (c.) Indirect attack (c.) Indirect attack (d.) Fuel (d.) Fuel (e.) Backfire/Burnout (e.) Backfire/Burnout (f.) Barrier (f.) Barrier (g.) Topography (g.) Topography (h.) Suppression (h.) Suppression (i.) Fire behavior (i.) Fire behavior (j.) Incident commander (j.) Incident commander (k.) Incendiary fire (k.) Incendiary fire (l.) Mutual aid (l.) Mutual aid (m.) Fire season (m.) Fire season (n.) Convection column (n.) Convection column (o.) Tools used in ground cover fires (o.) Tools used in ground cover fires

7. Defined Wildfire Terms 7 MOP – UP: All measures taken to make a fire “safe” after it has been controlled; includes trenching, felling snags, and patrolling control line. MOP – UP: All measures taken to make a fire “safe” after it has been controlled; includes trenching, felling snags, and patrolling control line.

8. Defined Wildfire Terms 8 DIRECT ATTACK: To attack the fire directly at or close to the burning edge. DIRECT ATTACK: To attack the fire directly at or close to the burning edge. INDIRECT ATTACK: Controlling the fire by having the control line some distance from the approaching fire. INDIRECT ATTACK: Controlling the fire by having the control line some distance from the approaching fire.

9. Defined Wildfire Terms 9 WILDLAND FIRES:include fires in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, forest, and similar vegetation. WILDLAND FIRES: include fires in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, forest, and similar vegetation. FUELS: are generally classified by grouping together fuels with similar burning characteristics. This method classifies ground cover fuels as ground, surface, and crown fuels. FUELS: are generally classified by grouping together fuels with similar burning characteristics. This method classifies ground cover fuels as ground, surface, and crown fuels.

10. Defined Wildfire Terms 10 GROUND FUELS: (Duff) Small twigs, leaves, and needles that are decomposing on the ground. GROUND FUELS: (Duff) Small twigs, leaves, and needles that are decomposing on the ground. SURFACE FUELS: Living surface vegetation includes grass, brush, and other low vegetation. Nonliving surface vegetation includes downed logs, heavy limbs, etc. SURFACE FUELS: Living surface vegetation includes grass, brush, and other low vegetation. Nonliving surface vegetation includes downed logs, heavy limbs, etc.

11. Defined Wildfire Terms 11 CROWN FUELSSuspended and upright fuels physically separated from the ground fuels to the extent that air can circulate freely around the fuels causing them to burn more rapidly. CROWN FUELS: Suspended and upright fuels physically separated from the ground fuels to the extent that air can circulate freely around the fuels causing them to burn more rapidly.

12. Defined Wildfire Terms 12 BACKFIRING: A technique used in the indirect attack method. Intentionally setting a fire between the control line and the advancing fire.The intent is for the backfire to meet the advancing fire some distance from the control line. BACKFIRING: A technique used in the indirect attack method. Intentionally setting a fire between the control line and the advancing fire.The intent is for the backfire to meet the advancing fire some distance from the control line. BURNING OUT: Intentionally setting fire to fuels inside the control line to widen the line. Used as a direct attack technique. BURNING OUT: Intentionally setting fire to fuels inside the control line to widen the line. Used as a direct attack technique.

13. Defined Wildfire Terms 13 BARRIER: Natural terrain as in; streams, cleared fields, swamps, burned areas, and roads typically an area or strip devoid of combustible fuel. BARRIER: Natural terrain as in; streams, cleared fields, swamps, burned areas, and roads typically an area or strip devoid of combustible fuel. TOPOGRAPHY: Refers to the slope of the land and has a decided effect upon fire behavior, and influence on air movements. TOPOGRAPHY: Refers to the slope of the land and has a decided effect upon fire behavior, and influence on air movements.

14. Defined Wildfire Terms 14 SLOPE ASPECTS:The direction the slopes faces. Full southern exposure (north of the equator) receive more of the sun’s direct rays and therefore receive more heat. Wildland fires typically burn faster on the southern exposures. SLOPE ASPECTS: The direction the slopes faces. Full southern exposure (north of the equator) receive more of the sun’s direct rays and therefore receive more heat. Wildland fires typically burn faster on the southern exposures.

15. Defined Wildfire Terms 15 LOCAL TERRIAN FEATURESDirectly affect air movements. Obstructions, such as ridges, trees, and even large rock outcroppings, may alter air flow and cause turbulence or eddies resulting in erratic fire behavior. LOCAL TERRIAN FEATURES: Directly affect air movements. Obstructions, such as ridges, trees, and even large rock outcroppings, may alter air flow and cause turbulence or eddies resulting in erratic fire behavior.

16. Defined Wildfire Terms 16 CANYONS: Results in increased wind velocity. Wind movement can be critical in chutes of steep “V” drainages. These terrain features create turbulent updrafts causing a chimney effect. Fires in these chutes or drainages can spread at an extremely fast rate and are very dangerous. CANYONS: Results in increased wind velocity. Wind movement can be critical in chutes of steep “V” drainages. These terrain features create turbulent updrafts causing a chimney effect. Fires in these chutes or drainages can spread at an extremely fast rate and are very dangerous.

17. Defined Wildfire Terms 17 SUPPRESSION: Is attacking and extinguishing the fire. All personal and equipment and their activities in the field on the fire line are part of this activity. SUPPRESSION: Is attacking and extinguishing the fire. All personal and equipment and their activities in the field on the fire line are part of this activity. FIRE BEHAVIOR: All fires are the result of a chemical process that occurs when a fuel becomes surrounded with adequate heat & air and manner in which a fire reacts to the variables of fuel, weather, and topography. FIRE BEHAVIOR: All fires are the result of a chemical process that occurs when a fuel becomes surrounded with adequate heat & air and manner in which a fire reacts to the variables of fuel, weather, and topography.

18. Defined Wildfire Terms 18 INCIDENT COMMANDER: A person that encompasses the operation level, and overall charge of suppressing a ground fire. INCIDENT COMMANDER: A person that encompasses the operation level, and overall charge of suppressing a ground fire. INCENDIARY FIRE: Chemical agents that are used to start fires. Flammable and combustible liquids; Drip torch. Also flares, chemical oxidizers may be used. INCENDIARY FIRE: Chemical agents that are used to start fires. Flammable and combustible liquids; Drip torch. Also flares, chemical oxidizers may be used.

19. Defined Wildfire Terms 19 MUTUAL AID: A operation when two or more fire departments operate together, moving apparatus and firefighters in one community to another for the purpose of fire suppression under incident command. MUTUAL AID: A operation when two or more fire departments operate together, moving apparatus and firefighters in one community to another for the purpose of fire suppression under incident command. Direct assistance from one fire agency to another during an emergency based upon a prearranged between agencies involved and generally made upon the request of the receiving agency. Direct assistance from one fire agency to another during an emergency based upon a prearranged between agencies involved and generally made upon the request of the receiving agency.

20. Defined Wildfire Terms 20 FIRE SEASON: Time of year when ground cover fires are most likely to happen and occur with spread, and the damage wildland values are sufficient to warrant organized fire suppression. FIRE SEASON: Time of year when ground cover fires are most likely to happen and occur with spread, and the damage wildland values are sufficient to warrant organized fire suppression.

21. Defined Wildfire Terms 21 CONVECTION COLUMN: Rising column of heated air or gases above a continuing heat or fire source. These violent convection columns fire storms, often with tornado like whirls, caused by large, continuous fires. Also caused by uneven terrain. CONVECTION COLUMN: Rising column of heated air or gases above a continuing heat or fire source. These violent convection columns fire storms, often with tornado like whirls, caused by large, continuous fires. Also caused by uneven terrain.

22. Defined Wildfire Terms 22 TOOLS USED IN GROUND COVER FIRES: Shovels, Pulaski, fire rakes, hoes, saws, water pump cans, brush hooks, torches, McLeods, swatters, brooms, axes, combination tools, and support equipment. TOOLS USED IN GROUND COVER FIRES: Shovels, Pulaski, fire rakes, hoes, saws, water pump cans, brush hooks, torches, McLeods, swatters, brooms, axes, combination tools, and support equipment.

23. Fire Suppression 23 The successful attack and control of ground cover fire can best be achieved if the fire problem is fully evaluated by by pre-fire planning and size up. The successful attack and control of ground cover fire can best be achieved if the fire problem is fully evaluated by by pre-fire planning and size up. Size up begins with the first report of the fire. Size up begins with the first report of the fire.

24. Fire Suppression 24 The firefighter should begin to evaluate the problem with the facts at hand: The areas reference points and landmarks, the time of year, and the time of day. The firefighter should begin to evaluate the problem with the facts at hand: The areas reference points and landmarks, the time of year, and the time of day.

25. Fire Suppression 25 The smoke can usually be seen from a distance. This can tell you what type fuel load may be burning. What the wind direction is, and what road or route to take to head off the fire. The smoke can usually be seen from a distance. This can tell you what type fuel load may be burning. What the wind direction is, and what road or route to take to head off the fire.

26. Fire Suppression 26 The first several minutes are the most important for the success of initial attack because the firefighter must decide at that point whether additional forces are needed. The first several minutes are the most important for the success of initial attack because the firefighter must decide at that point whether additional forces are needed.

27. Size Up 27 It may be obvious that the initial attack force will be able to suppress the fire in a reasonable length of time. It may be obvious that the initial attack force will be able to suppress the fire in a reasonable length of time. There may be some question of weather the initial attack force will be able to suppress the fire without reinforcement. There may be some question of weather the initial attack force will be able to suppress the fire without reinforcement.

28. Size Up 28 The fire may be a burning building that is totally involved, the fire threatening heavy grass and brush land. The fire may be a burning building that is totally involved, the fire threatening heavy grass and brush land. The initial attack force should ignore the building and attempt to prevent or suppress ground cover fire. The initial attack force should ignore the building and attempt to prevent or suppress ground cover fire.

29. Size Up 29 It may be obvious that the initial attack forces can’t stop the fire. Call for reinforcements on all sides. It may be obvious that the initial attack forces can’t stop the fire. Call for reinforcements on all sides. Establish a strategic point such as a road or cleared field where the line may be anchored so the efforts of the crew will not be lost or outflanked. Establish a strategic point such as a road or cleared field where the line may be anchored so the efforts of the crew will not be lost or outflanked.

30. Size Up 30 It may be observed that valuable improvements in the path of the flames are threatened. Take measures to protect them and begin to suppress the spreading fire. It may be observed that valuable improvements in the path of the flames are threatened. Take measures to protect them and begin to suppress the spreading fire.

31. Size Up is a continuous process 31 A ground cover fire is ever changing and size up should be continuous even after initial attack is made. Factors that become involved during a fire: A ground cover fire is ever changing and size up should be continuous even after initial attack is made. Factors that become involved during a fire:

32. Size Up is a continuous process 32 The location of the head or heads The location of the head or heads Type of fuel Type of fuel Size of fire Size of fire Special hazards Special hazards Exposures Exposures Natural barriers Natural barriers Access roads Access roads Water source Water source Line of retreat Line of retreat

33. Planning the Attack 33 After size up, an overall attack method must be decided upon and put into operation. After size up, an overall attack method must be decided upon and put into operation. Determining the attack method should be based knowledge of fire behavior, the personal and equipment available, and potential economic effect of the fire. Other factors to consider are: Determining the attack method should be based knowledge of fire behavior, the personal and equipment available, and potential economic effect of the fire. Other factors to consider are:

34. Planning the Attack 34 Where to attack Where to attack Location of control lines Location of control lines Estimated completion time of line construction Estimated completion time of line construction Estimated spread and behavior of the fire Estimated spread and behavior of the fire Determine possible danger spots Determine possible danger spots

35. Direct Attack 35 Direct attack techniques cool, drown, smother, beat out, starve, or otherwise suppress the flame. Direct attack techniques cool, drown, smother, beat out, starve, or otherwise suppress the flame. The control line is established along or directly on the edge of the fire. The control line is established along or directly on the edge of the fire.

36. Direct Attack 36 The direct attack is most often used on light running fires in grass, leaves, small brush, field crops, and on the flanks and rear of large, intense fires. The direct attack is most often used on light running fires in grass, leaves, small brush, field crops, and on the flanks and rear of large, intense fires. Some of the more pertinent questions that deserve answers when considering the use of direct attack are: Some of the more pertinent questions that deserve answers when considering the use of direct attack are:

37. Direct Attack 37 Will there be to much heat and smoke for the firefighters to work at the edge of the fire? Will there be to much heat and smoke for the firefighters to work at the edge of the fire? Is there adequate protective breathing equipment available for fire fighters? Is there adequate protective breathing equipment available for fire fighters? Will firefighters be relatively safe at the fire’s edge so they can escape? Will firefighters be relatively safe at the fire’s edge so they can escape? Will trucks, hose lines, and equipment be exposed excessive risk of burning? Will trucks, hose lines, and equipment be exposed excessive risk of burning?

38. Direct Attack 38 Will it be worth the effort to construct a fire line close to a natural barrier in a unburned area? Will it be worth the effort to construct a fire line close to a natural barrier in a unburned area? Will direct attack at a specific point avoid a probable in an area that might threaten exposures of economic value? Will direct attack at a specific point avoid a probable in an area that might threaten exposures of economic value? Are firefighters in physical shape to work effectively in a direct attack? Are firefighters in physical shape to work effectively in a direct attack?

39. 39

40. Direct Attack 40 Advantages Advantages The fire is stopped with little further spread The fire is stopped with little further spread No costly or dangerous backfiring is used No costly or dangerous backfiring is used Full advantage is taken of burned-out areas along control line Full advantage is taken of burned-out areas along control line No need for standby personal to watch unburned areas No need for standby personal to watch unburned areas

41. Direct Attack 41 Disadvantages Disadvantages Attack is hampered by heat, smoke, and flames Attack is hampered by heat, smoke, and flames Control line is long, irregular, and must follow the fire edge Control line is long, irregular, and must follow the fire edge Does not always take advantage of natural fire barriers Does not always take advantage of natural fire barriers Greater danger from breakovers, hot spots, and wind changes Greater danger from breakovers, hot spots, and wind changes More mop-up and closer patrol required More mop-up and closer patrol required

42. Indirect Attack 42 The indirect attack consists of controlling a ground cover fire by constructing a continuous line to bare soil, in unburned fuels at a considerable distance in front of the fire, and then backfiring. The indirect attack consists of controlling a ground cover fire by constructing a continuous line to bare soil, in unburned fuels at a considerable distance in front of the fire, and then backfiring.

43. Indirect Attack 43 It is most effective against large fires during periods of high fire danger where there is intense burning, a high rate of spread, and when working conditions are extremely hazardous to firefighters. It is most effective against large fires during periods of high fire danger where there is intense burning, a high rate of spread, and when working conditions are extremely hazardous to firefighters.

44. 44

45. 45 Back Burning Drip Torch Fuses Pulaski

46. Indirect Attack 46 Advantages Advantages Permits easier work for crew because less smoke, heat, and flame contact Permits easier work for crew because less smoke, heat, and flame contact Reduces length of fire edge and shortens control time Reduces length of fire edge and shortens control time Permits crews to take advantage of natural barriers Permits crews to take advantage of natural barriers Less danger of breakover from sparks Less danger of breakover from sparks

47. Indirect Attack 47 Disadvantages Disadvantages Sacrifice in acreage burned Sacrifice in acreage burned Backfiring can get out of control Backfiring can get out of control Requires a close watch along fire line to prevent flare up behind it Requires a close watch along fire line to prevent flare up behind it Fire can suddenly change direction because of wind conditions Fire can suddenly change direction because of wind conditions Fire can outflank and put crew in jeopardy Fire can outflank and put crew in jeopardy

48. Fire Line Location & Construction 48 A fire line established for an indirect attack serves as a safety strip to prevent further spread of the fire once it has been brought under control. A fire line established for an indirect attack serves as a safety strip to prevent further spread of the fire once it has been brought under control. The success of depends upon how skillfully the fire line is located and constructed, and how the backfire is used to contain the head of the fire. The success of depends upon how skillfully the fire line is located and constructed, and how the backfire is used to contain the head of the fire.

49. Fire Line Location & Construction 49 A fire line must be wide enough to prevent oncoming flame from jumping over to the fuel on the other side. A fire line must be wide enough to prevent oncoming flame from jumping over to the fuel on the other side. A fire line must be built far enough ahead of the fire before it can reach it. A fire line must be built far enough ahead of the fire before it can reach it.

50. Fire Line Location & Construction 50 Take advantage of natural barriers Take advantage of natural barriers Avoid thick dense fuel Avoid thick dense fuel Do not construct more line than crews can supervise Do not construct more line than crews can supervise Anchor the line to safe fire barrier Anchor the line to safe fire barrier

51. Fire Line Location & Construction 51 Fire line construction begins with determining the location of the line. Fire line construction begins with determining the location of the line. This is usually done by a officer, who must continually size-up the situation, take advantage of favorable breaks, and watch for conditions that might cause loss of control or danger to crew. This is usually done by a officer, who must continually size-up the situation, take advantage of favorable breaks, and watch for conditions that might cause loss of control or danger to crew.

52. Fire Line Location & Construction 52 Remove all ground cover and debris along the fire line Remove all ground cover and debris along the fire line Clean fire line down to bare soil Clean fire line down to bare soil The line should not be less than 18 inches wide The line should not be less than 18 inches wide

53. Fire Line Location & Construction 53 All burned and charred material should be thrown back into the burn All burned and charred material should be thrown back into the burn Scatter all cut and unburned fuels Scatter all cut and unburned fuels Remove all overhanging branches Remove all overhanging branches

54. Ground Cover 54

55. Classifying fuels is creating a reference term for grouping together fuels with similar burning characteristics. 55

56. Small fuel particles, known as light or flash fuels, ignite easily and are fast burning. 56

57. These fuels are slow burning and seldom ignite without the aid of a fire involving light fuels. 57

58. Successful fire attack and control is based on an adequate size-up of the fire. 58

59. Knowledge of weather information is important for the control of ground cover fires. 59

60. Wind has a profound effect on fire behavior, it fans the flames into greater intensity and speeds combustion. 60

61. Relative humidity affects the amount of moisture in fuel. When humidity drops to 30%, conditions are favorable for fire. 61

62. The slope of the land will affect both the rate and direction of fire spread. 62

63. During every 24-hour daily cycle there are periods when the burning characteristics are fairly predictable. 63

64. Typical terms for parts of a ground cover fire to aid in size-up, and pre-fire planning. 64

65. Ground Cover 65 As you can see the wind pushes the fire and the fuel that is consumed is thicker at the head of the fire. As you can see the wind pushes the fire and the fuel that is consumed is thicker at the head of the fire. Spot fires can occur with any wildland fire. Spot fires can occur with any wildland fire. In the black, you can also see the skags that are left behind from the fire. In the black, you can also see the skags that are left behind from the fire.

66. Indirect attack consist of controlling the fire by constructing a continuous line to bare soil in unburned fuels, and then backfiring 66

67. If a fire is burning up a slope toward the crest of a hill, locate fire line just over the ridge to provide more time for construction of a fire line. 67

68. Anchor fire lines from natural barriers, and away from snags to improve line location. 68

69. After a control line has been established, start the Backfire simultaneously across the front of the main fire. 69

70. Mobile Attack Mobile attack is a fast and effective method of extinguishing ground cover fires. Mobile attack is a fast and effective method of extinguishing ground cover fires. It involves the moving of one or more pieces of fire apparatus and employing 3 basic types of the direct attack method. It involves the moving of one or more pieces of fire apparatus and employing 3 basic types of the direct attack method. 70

71. Pincer – direct attack around the fire perimeter in opposite directions by two or more pumpers from the heel or head. 71

72. Tandem – attack along a part of the fire perimeter by pumpers following each other. Envelopment – attacking key or critical segments around the entire fire perimeter. 72

73. Progressive hose lay requires coordination and teamwork to be effective. Start hose lay at anchor point, and flank to work perimeter. 73

74. Mop-up is making a ground cover fire after it has been controlled. 74

75. Examples of ground cover fire fighting tools. 75

76. Under some conditions, it may not be possible to provide stored water in constructed tanks. Streams, ponds, lakes, rivers, and pools are also another source of water supply Under some conditions, it may not be possible to provide stored water in constructed tanks. Streams, ponds, lakes, rivers, and pools are also another source of water supply. 76

77. 77 The firefighter shall, given a specific wildland fire situation, describe the effect of fuel, weather and topography on wildland fire, and predict the direction and speed of the fire spread. The firefighter shall, given a specific wildland fire situation, describe the effect of fuel, weather and topography on wildland fire, and predict the direction and speed of the fire spread. Video 1 Understanding fire behavior Video 1 Understanding fire behavior

78. Common Denomination of Fire Behavior on Tragedy Fires 78 There are four major common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near-fatal fires, and all to often these type of events occurs: There are four major common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near-fatal fires, and all to often these type of events occurs: 1. On relatively small fires or deceptively quiet areas of large fires. 1. On relatively small fires or deceptively quiet areas of large fires.

79. Common Denomination of Fire Behavior on Tragedy Fires 79 2. In relatively light fuels, such as grass, herbs, and light brush. 2. In relatively light fuels, such as grass, herbs, and light brush. 3. When there is an unexpected shift in wind direction or wind speed. 3. When there is an unexpected shift in wind direction or wind speed. 4. When fire responds to topographic conditions and runs uphill. 4. When fire responds to topographic conditions and runs uphill.

80. Common Denomination of Fire Behavior on Tragedy Fires 80 Alignment of topography and wind during the burning period should always be considered a trigger point to re-evaluate strategy and tactics. Alignment of topography and wind during the burning period should always be considered a trigger point to re-evaluate strategy and tactics.

81. 81

82. Ground Cover 82 That concludes the self study part of the class. That concludes the self study part of the class. Now the student, that’s you, will watch the National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Program video 1 located Dayroom. Now the student, that’s you, will watch the National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Program video 1 located Dayroom. After the completion of the video, return to the computer and take the quiz. There should be some answer sheets in the Recruit Training Book. After the completion of the video, return to the computer and take the quiz. There should be some answer sheets in the Recruit Training Book.

83. Ground Cover 83 Quiz

84. Quiz 84 1. Action taken directly against the flames? A. Indirect Attack B. Direct attack C. Mop Up D. None of the above

85. Quiz 85 2. The 3 types of fuels are? A. Grass, weeds, sticks B. Right flank, left flank, fingers C. Ground, Surface, Crown D. None of the above

86. Quiz 86 3. Person in charge of and responsible for the management of all incident operations? A. Operations Officer B. Incident Commander C. Sector Officer D. None of the above

87. Quiz 87 4. ________ refers to the lay of the land and has a decided effect upon fire behavior. A. Topography B. Slope C. Geographic D. None of the above

88. Quiz 88 5. Convection Column is a? A. Column of smoke and fire B. Column found in the fire truck C. Rising column of heated air or gases above a continuing heat or fire source. D. None of the above

89. Quiz 89 6. You have been dispatched to a grass fire at 1:00 pm, what effect does the weather and Relative Humidity have? A. Winds will dry out damp fuels B. R/H is high damp air dampens fuel, fire burns slowly C. R/H is low dry air dry fuel fire burns rapidly D. None of the above

90. Quiz 90 7. The burned out area in a wildland fire is called the? A. Burnout B. Black C. Backburn D. None of the above

91. Quiz 91 8. The front of the fire is called the? A. Head B. Front C. Spot fires D. None of the above

92. Quiz 92 9. _________ includes fires in weeds, grass, field crops, brush, forest, and similar vegetation. A. Green house fire B. Wildland fire C. Structure fire D. None of the above

93. Quiz 93 10. _________ is an obstruction of the spread of fire; typically an area or strip devoid of combustible fuel. A. Fire truck B. Hose team C. Shovels D. Barrier