2. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 1. Mercantilism –Thought of the British is that colonists need to provide the Mother Country with a favorable balance of trade. –In time, there is a shift and the Mother Country sees the colonies as a source of revenue—at the very least, they should pay for the cost of governance. –Colonists get used to non-enforcement of mercantilist laws (salutary neglect) in the early part of the 18 th century, so when the British try to enforce legislation (after Fr/Ind War), there is strong resistance.

3. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 2. Colonial attachment to local self- rule –Essentially, the power of the governor decreased in the 18 th century and the power of the assembly increased. –There was also the diverging English and Colonial points of view regarding taxation and representation. (virtual representation vs. “no taxation without representation”)

4. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –3 wars precede the French/Indian War (see p. 111) King William’s War 1689-1697 Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713-- Britain receives large landholdings at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) King George’s War 1744-1748--New Englanders upset that Louisbourg was handed back to France at the Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle (1748)

5. North America in 1750

6. North America in 1763

7. Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA A Albany Congress  failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French. 1754  Albany Plan of Union

8. British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

9. France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. 1763  Treaty of Paris

10. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –French Indian War was a total victory by Britain and they acquired nearly all of North America. The effects included: Colonists gain sense of a bigger America beyond the Appalachians

11. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –The effects included: Colonists forced to cooperate on an unprecedented scale (somewhat fulfilling Franklin’s Albany Plan)

12. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –The effects included: Trained a core of American soldiers

13. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –The effects included: Removed French/Indian Threat decreasing the colonial dependence on Britain

14. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 3. Effects of French/Indian War –OTHER EFFECTS?

15. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 4. Failures of George III –He was determined to play an aggressive role in government and take away power from parliament which they were unwilling to yield.

16. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 5. Failures of Parliament –Few had been to America –There was a communications problem between colonists and mother country –Parliament held to principles of parliamentary sovereignty (including virtual representation)

17. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 6. Enlightenment Philosophies/ Unification of American Political Beliefs –The influence of John Locke –Representative Gov’t (Republicanism) –Local Assemblies have right to tax –Hatred of the royal veto –A moral component that was missing in Britain

18. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 7. Divergence of the American Social System –40%+ of population non-English (by 1775) –Difference in morality, social graces, culture, etc. –Formal education better in America— especially in the areas of law and political philosophy

19. ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 8. British Legislation (1763-1775) –Taxation w/o representation and an infringement on their “natural rights”

20. Real Whigs Q-> What was the extent of Parliament ’ s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? Theories of Representation

21. 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 4. Stamp Act - 1765 3. Quartering Act - 1765 George Grenville ’ s Program, 1763-1765

22. Loyal Nine - 1765 Sons of Liberty – began in NYC: Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress – 1765 * Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act – 1766 Stamp Act Crisis

23. 1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. A He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. A Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. A Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770

24. 1. John Dickinson  1768 * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2 nd non-importation movement: * “ Daughters of Liberty ” * spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock ’ s ship, the Liberty. * 4000 British troops sent to Boston. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties

26. 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England ’ s debt. 3. Britain ’ s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

27. 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

28. 1763  Pontiac ’ s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “ gifts ” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

29. Pontiac ’ s Rebellion (1763)

30. British  Proclamation Line of 1763. BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

32. Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:  James Otis ’ case  Protection of a citizen ’ s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. A 1761  writs of assistance  He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight. Rethinking Their Empire