2. TAKE A DO NOW THESIS

3. WTWThe Age of Reason WEWEnlightenment thinkers were known as philosophes WBWBelieved in supremacy of human reason

4. WLWLogic and Reason WCWChallenged Royal and Church Authority WEWEnd of the “Old Regime”

5. The achievements of the scientific revolution reveal the ability of the human mind to penetrate the secrets of the physical universe

6. The thinkers of the enlightenment sought to discover NATURAL LAWS “laws that govern human nature”. The Enlightenment began in Paris It was divided into three phases First, reflects a significant influence from the scientific revolution. Second, the High Enlightenment begins with Montesquieu and ends with the death of Voltaire and Rousseau. The third phase, called the late enlightenment, shifts emphasis from human reason to emotion. Discussed new concepts of economy by Adam SmithVOLTAIRE

7. Enlightened thinkers espoused views that challenged basic educational, historical and governmental tenets Leading thinkers were French, more like critics of the old regime. Felt people should be ruled by laws not by, rulers.

8. Human progress was constrained by social and political institutions If we could find laws to govern the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws. Laws that govern human nature The enlightenment is where we get the ideas: People should be ruled by laws Separation of powers Rulers need to take care of the Rulers need to take care of the people

9. The “Great Debate” Reason & Logic Traditions and Superstitions  rationalism  empiricism  tolerance  skepticism  Deism  nostalgia for the past  organized religions  irrationalism  emotionalism

10. WFWFrench Aristocrat Wanted to establish a constitutional Monarchy in France Wrote the book - The Spirit of the Laws in 1748

11. WSWSeparation of Powers - 3 Branches of Gov’t WEWExecutive WLWLegislative WJWJudicial WCWChecks and Balances WeWeach checks the power of the other WPWPower shouldn’t rest in on person

12. WBWBourgeouis - French WLWLived in exile in Great Britain Wrote Letters on the English WpWpraised tolerance in both and religion

13. WCWCivil Liberties - Ecrasez l’infame (crush infamy) WrWrid of repression, fanaticism and bigotry WAWAttacked church and Parliament as blocking development and freedom

14. WRWReligious Freedom WDWDeist WGWGod created the universe and then let it operate under scientific laws WMWMade life livable WDWDid a public service

15. W“W“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” WFWFreedom of Speech WFWFreedom of Expression

16. David Hume (1711-1776) ► The Natural History of Religion [][[(1755]). ► Belief in God rested on superstition and fear rather than on reason.

17. WLWLower-class origin WNWNew theory of education WcWchildren must develop naturally and spontaneously WlWlearn by direct experience

18. WTWThe General Will W“W“man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” WSWSocial Contract W“W“THE SOCIAL CONTRACT” WpWpeople entered into a social among themselves WsWsurrender all their rights to the community

19. WGWGeneral Will WtWthe will of the majority WGWGovernment is a necessary evil WiWif it does not carry out the General will the people can overthrow it WPWPopular Sovereignty WuWultimate sovereignty resides in the people

20. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

21. The Encyclopédie ► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking. ► 28 volumes. ► Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. ► First published in 1751. ► 1500 livres a set.

22. WHighly Educated The Encyclopedia” WEditor of “The Encyclopedia” Wvirtually all important French philosophes contributed

23. WArticles attacked Old Regime abuses Wreligious intolerance Wunjust taxation Wgovernmental absolutism

24. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

27. WFWFather of Modern Economics WBWBelieved in Capitalism WTWThe Invisible Hand WCWCompetition will regulate the economy WlWlaissez-faire policy WNWNo Government intervention WHWHands-off

28. Women played an important role WRWRich women held gatherings in their drawing rooms, or salons Writers, musicians, painters, and philosophes exchanged ideas

29. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

30. The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794)

31. Other Female Salons ► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin. ► In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania. ► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.