1. Agriculture First Agricultural Revolution
Second Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
(Third Agricultural Revolution)

2. Prehistoric Man Hunter gather society Nomadic Temperate environment
Cyclic Movement
Migratory

3. Fire
Domesticated 500,000 ????
tools

4. First Ag Rev
Plant domestication
Animal domestication
Use of fire

5. Plant Domestication Gather seeds Irrigation Fertilizer Cultivate
Clear land (fire)
12,000 years ago or less

6. Plant Domestication Slash and Burn Swidden Grindstones
Pestle and Mortar
Storage

7. Problems No crop rotation Wear the land out Move on to new land
Lack of permanent settlements

8. Plants

9. Animal Domestication
Young
Garbage
Fire
Protection

10. Cultural Hearths Food surplus Social stratification Specialization
Urban hierarchy

11. Development
Governments
Religion
Arts
Music
Architecture
Medicine

12. Cultural Hearths Mesopotamia Nile Valley Indus Valley Wei-Huang Valley
Ganges Valley
Mesoamerica
West Africa
Andean America

13. Cultural Hearths Fresh water Temperate areas Land was diverse
Different types of plants
Seasons allowed for different growth

14. Cultural Hearths Began as egalitarian societies Hierarchy developed
Trade within a functional region
Sedentary societies

15. Cultural Diffusion Governments Religion Arts Music Architecture
Medicine

16. Independent Invention
Inventions in different places at different times without any knowledge of the other. No diffusion.

17. Independent Invention
Example - metallurgy
Fire heated rocks
Melted ores
Tools, weapons

18. Empire Building
Some societies became so stratified, they could have military.
Control other lesser developed areas

19. Empire Building Grew in power by taking resources of others
Cultural diffusion

20. Second Ag Rev Develop machines that do the work of many people
Too many without ag work
Move to urban areas
Work in factories

21. Second Ag Rev Factories make machines for farmers
Larger farms, fewer farmers
More to urban areas
More factories, larger machines

22. Second Ag Rev
Fertilizers
Drainage
Irrigation
Fence
Breading

24. Agricultural/Industrial Spiral
Ag input increase
Fewer agricultural workers needed
More urban dwellers
Need jobs
Work in factories
Factories make better farm machines
Fewer Ag workers needed

25. Von Thunen German economist Agricultural Concentric Circles mid 1800’s
Wrote
The Isolated
State

26. Von Thunen
Thunen’s model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable

27. Von Thunen made a model
Exceptions

28. Von Thunen made a model Exceptions Isotropic plain No rivers
No mountains
All travel equal
No other settlements
All land the same
Government policies

29. What is the use? The model could predict agricultural location.
Can it predict location today?

30. Have you read: Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food
If you have, read it again.
If you have not read it twice.
We will read it a third time after we end the Green Revolution.
Read the Time Article

32. History Aspects Results Future
Green Revolution
History
Aspects
Results
Future

33. History of Green Revolution
Mexico 1945
Need wheat for the rapidly growing population
India 1961 starvation
Rice

34. History of Green Revolution
Norman Borlaug began the ideas.
Term “Green Revolution” by Gaud of USAID in 1968.

35. History of Green Revolution
Philippines starvation
Rice
Africa 1980’s
Population growth and political instability

36. Aspects Genetically modified seeds
Shorter stems, chemical pesticides, chemical fertilizers, better irrigation
Techniques

37. Aspects
Very expensive
Need government support
Roads
Storage
Wells

38. Aspects
Must have government stability
Soil
Climate
Money

39. Aspects
Finance and research
Rockefeller Foundation
Ford Foundation

40. Results of the Green Revolution
Mexico
1943 imported 1/2 wheat
1956 self sufficient
1964 exported wheat

41. Results of the Green Revolution
India
IR8 semi-dwarf rice
Price of rice $550/ton in 1970
Price of rice $200/ton in 2001
Export 4.5 mil ton in 2006

42. Results of the Green Revolution
Philippines 1966
IR8 rice like India
3.7 to 7.7 mil tons in 20 yr

43. Results of the Green Revolution
Africa experienced very little success 1970’s.
Insecurity, lack of infrastructure, corruption, lack of cooperation
Natural limits, water and soil

44. Future of the Green Revolution
Yield increases leveled off in mid 1980’s
Petro chemicals costs increases
Chemical fert, pest, and herb damage the ecosystem

45. Future of the Green Revolution
Fert - runoff makes algee grow, too much oxygen, choke out fish
Herb - eliminate plant diversity
Pest - eliminate insect diversity
All exspensive

46. Future of the Green Revolution
Genetically altered plants mutate others (roundup ready corn)
Loss of diversity of food

47. Future of the Green Revolution
Neo-Malthusian theory
Sustainability
Carrying capacity
Time article

48. Future of the Green Revolution
Monocultures - lack of diversity in diet
Socioeconomic - poor cannot afford to farm.

49. Future of the Green Revolution
Globalization
Larger farms, fewer farmers
Poor move to cities
Work in foreign owned factories
Rich richer, poor poorer