1. Price Ch. 2 Mapping GIS Data ‣ GIS Concepts GIS Concepts Ways to map data Displaying rasters Classifying numeric data

2. Map Types and Data Types ‣ Single symbol maps ‣ Unique values maps ‣ Quantities maps Graduated color Graduated symbol Dot density ‣ Nominal data ‣ Categorical data ‣ Ordinal data ‣ Interval and Ratio data

3. Nominal data ‣ Names or uniquely identifies objects State names Owner of parcel Tax ID number Parcel ID Number ‣ Each feature likely to have its own value ‣ Usually portrayed on a map as labels

4. Single symbol maps ‣ Display all features with the same symbol ‣ Combine with labels to portray nominal data

5. Categorical data ‣ Places features into defined number of distinct categories ‣ Category names may be text or numeric ‣ Portrayed by different symbol for each category

6. Unique values maps ‣ Different symbol for each category or value Geologic unitsVolcano typesRoad types

7. Ordinal data ‣ Type of categorical data ‣ Ranks categories along an arbitrary scale Low, Medium, High slope Village, Town, City Grades: A, B, C, D, F Rank of Best City to Live In: 1, 2, 3… A 0-40% B 40-70% C 70-100% Portrayed as categories but choosing variations in symbol size or color to indicate increase

8. Interval or Ratio data ‣ Interval data places values along a regular numeric scale Supports addition/subtraction Temperature, pH, elevation ‣ Ratio data places values along a regular scale with a meaningful zero point Supports addition, subtraction, multiplication, division Population, rainfall, median rent

9. Mapping numeric data ‣ Interval and ratio data must be divided into classes before mapping ‣ Mapped using variations in symbol size, thickness, or hue

10. Classed maps Graduated color map (choropleth map) Graduated symbol map

11. Colors for choropleth maps ‣ Generally use change in saturation or close hues to indicate increase ‣ Avoid using too many colors which tend to mask increase

12. Normalizing classed maps ‣ If the size of the sample impacts the measured value, data should be normalized By percent of total - Percent of farms in each state - Percent of mobile homes in each state By another field - Farms divided by area - Mobile homes divided by total housing units 2-12 Number of farms Number of farms per sq. mile

13. Unclassed maps Proportional symbol mapDot density map

14. Chart Maps Proportional chart map

15. Symbol psychology Where is the water? Where is there less rain? Which towns have more people? What’s there? Where’s the danger?

16. Displaying rasters

17. Raster types ‣ Discrete data Represents discrete objects such as lines or polygons Takes on relatively few values Adjacent cells often have same values Values may change abruptly at boundaries ‣ Continuous data Thousands or millions of potential values Few adjacent cells have same values Values may change rapidly from cell to cell

18. Raster types ‣ Thematic rasters Contain quantities that represent map data such as land use or rainfall May be continuous or discrete ‣ Image rasters Contain satellite or air photo data Generally represent brightness Usually continous

19. Displaying thematic rasters Unique values Discrete color Interval/Ratio data Classified Categorical/Ordinal data Stretched

20. Slicing 256 colors Bins raster values from 0-255, to match color ramp values

21. Stretching 256 colors After slicing, stretching enhances display by removing less common values at the tails Original sliceStandard deviation stretch

22. Image display Single band image Three band composite image Image values represent brightness as 0-255 digital numbers (DN)

23. Stretching images Images usually contain 0-255 range values already, but may not utilize full range. Stretching maximizes brightness and contrast Different stretches: Min-Max, Standard Deviation, Equalize… No stretchStandard deviation stretch 0255

24. Effects of stretching No stretch Min-MaxStandard deviation

25. RGB Color composites Image bands Composite color image

26. Landsat Band Combinations True color 3-2-1 R-G-B False color 4-3-1 Other 7-4-1 Bands 1-7 represent different wavelengths of light

27. Indexed color rasters Common for scanned maps More efficient way to store colors for scanned rasters than RGB bands Each color on the map is indexed to a special unique values palette Can modify the color choices individually Colormap

28. Nodata 0 is another common nodata value

29. Transparency Geology Hillshade Layer Properties: Display tab

30. Classifying numeric data

31. Classifying Data Applies to both vector and raster maps Different classification methods available Choice impacts map appearance and validity Best method depends on data distribution and objective of map Same data, different classifications

32. Common data distributions Value Number of samples Normal Uniform Skewed Bimodal

33. Jenks Natural Breaks Exploits natural gaps in the data Good for unevenly distributed or skewed data Default method, works well for most data sets Class breaks

34. Equal Interval Specify number of classes Divides into equally spaced classes Works best for uniformly distributed data

35. Defined interval User chooses the class size Data determines number of classes Works best for uniformly distributed data

36. Quantile Same number of features in each class May get very unevenly spaced class ranges Results depend on data distribution

37. Geometrical Interval Multiplies each succeeding class boundary by a constant Works well for normal and skewed distributions

38. Standard Deviation Shows deviation from mean User chooses units e.g. 0.5 standard deviations Assumes data are normally distributed