1. Animal Nutrition Basics Animal Technology Michelle Guthrie, M.A.

2. Objectives A.List essential nutrients & their function function B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals requirements in animals C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics and characteristics D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding different methods of feeding E. Interpret a feed label F. Balance a ration

3. What is Nutrition? Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy. Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy.

4. Why is Nutrition Important? All food come directly or indirectly from plants All food come directly or indirectly from plants Two-thirds of all animal feed is unsuitable for human consumption Two-thirds of all animal feed is unsuitable for human consumption In feeding animals a nutritious diet people obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs and convert them to desirable products such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work. In feeding animals a nutritious diet people obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs and convert them to desirable products such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work.

5. What is a Nutrient? A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes. A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.

6. What is a Digestible Nutrient? The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body. The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body. Not all nutrients can be broken down by all animals (e.g. monogastric animals cannot break down most cellulose). Not all nutrients can be broken down by all animals (e.g. monogastric animals cannot break down most cellulose).

7. The Six Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Fats Fats Protein Protein Minerals Minerals Vitamins Vitamins Water Water A. List essential nutrients & their function

8. Carbohydrates Furnish energy for body functions, growth and reproductionFurnish energy for body functions, growth and reproduction The largest part of the animal’s food supply and usually the fibrous part of the dietThe largest part of the animal’s food supply and usually the fibrous part of the diet Include sugars, starch and celluloseInclude sugars, starch and cellulose Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogenAre made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen A. List essential nutrients & their function

9. Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates – Starch Supply major feed source for monogastric animals Supply major feed source for monogastric animals Complex Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates – Cellulose Supply major feed source for ruminants and modified monogastric animals (horses) Supply major feed source for ruminants and modified monogastric animals (horses) A. List essential nutrients & their function

10. Lipids (Fats) Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates doFurnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do Form cholesterol, steroids and other body Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds compounds Found in every cell in the body Found in every cell in the body Affect the condition of skin and hair Affect the condition of skin and hair They also provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs, and they insulate the bodyThey also provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs, and they insulate the body Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogenAre made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen A. List essential nutrients & their function

11. Protein Needed for growth and repair Needed for growth and repair Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns Helps form muscles, internal organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen A. List essential nutrients & their function

12. Protein Feed Sources 1. Animal By-products a.Tankage and meat scraps b.Meat and bone scraps c.Blood meal d.Fish meal 2. Dairy Products and By-products a.Skim milk and buttermilk b.Dried skim milk and buttermilk 4. Seed By-products a.Soybean meal b.Soybeans c.Cottonseed meal and cake d.Linseed meal e.Peanut meal 5. Legume Roughages a.Dry Roughages b.Silage c.Pasture A. List essential nutrients & their function

13. Crude Protein Protein contains nitrogen (fat, carbohydrates and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen). Protein contains nitrogen (fat, carbohydrates and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen). If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor (number), depending on the types of protein expected in the food, the total protein can be determined; this value is known as the "crude protein" content. If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor (number), depending on the types of protein expected in the food, the total protein can be determined; this value is known as the "crude protein" content. A. List essential nutrients & their function

14. Crude Protein On human food labels the grams of protein is found by the nitrogen content found in the food multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins in the food is about 16%. On human food labels the grams of protein is found by the nitrogen content found in the food multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins in the food is about 16%. A. List essential nutrients & their function

15. Minerals Minerals are the inorganic elements of animals and plants Minerals are the inorganic elements of animals and plants Primarily found in bones and teeth Primarily found in bones and teeth Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium A. List essential nutrients & their function

16. Minerals Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash) Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash) Free choice or in rationFree choice or in ration Supplement for deficiency onlySupplement for deficiency only Soils deficient in minerals may lead to deficiencies in the crop.Soils deficient in minerals may lead to deficiencies in the crop. – I.e. selenium, copper, magnesium, cobalt, iodine. A. List essential nutrients & their function

17. Minerals 2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids) Regulate many vital processesRegulate many vital processes 18 essential mineral elements18 essential mineral elements Deficiency in minerals does not necessarily cause death but economic loss due to lack of production.Deficiency in minerals does not necessarily cause death but economic loss due to lack of production. A. List essential nutrients & their function

18. Minerals Iron- needed for red blood cellsIron- needed for red blood cells – deficiency causes anemia. Phosphorus- help utilize proteinPhosphorus- help utilize protein Iodine-deficiency causes fatigue and rapid pulseIodine-deficiency causes fatigue and rapid pulse A. List essential nutrients & their function

19. Minerals Magnesium- lack causes muscle tremorsMagnesium- lack causes muscle tremors Sodium/Potassium- transfer wastes through cell membranes.Sodium/Potassium- transfer wastes through cell membranes. Calcium- bone disease, poor teethCalcium- bone disease, poor teeth – Removed from bones if not in feed. A. List essential nutrients & their function

20. Vitamins Help bodily functions.Help bodily functions. Required in minute amounts for normal growthRequired in minute amounts for normal growth Fat soluble- released as neededFat soluble- released as needed – A,D, E, K Water soluble-consumed every dayWater soluble-consumed every day – C &B A. List essential nutrients & their function

21. WATER Most vital of all nutrientsMost vital of all nutrients – Regulates body temperature – Use in biochemical processing 40% of fat hog to 80% of newborn lamb40% of fat hog to 80% of newborn lamb Amount needed is related to activityAmount needed is related to activity – gestation/lactation Free access to clean, fresh water at all timesFree access to clean, fresh water at all times A. List essential nutrients & their function

22. Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?......Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?......NO! B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

23. Factors effecting nutritional needs: 1- Maintenance Gives energy for basic needs of keeping an animal alive -Every second an animal is alive it takes energy No loss or gain of weight Known as Basal Maintenance Requirement 50% of animals diet is used for maintenance B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

24. Factors effecting nutritional needs: 2- Growth Young animals who are not fully grown Young animals who are not fully grown Extra energy required to grow bones, support organ systems, develop muscle, etc. Extra energy required to grow bones, support organ systems, develop muscle, etc. Need high levels of fats and carbohydrates Need high levels of fats and carbohydrates B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

25. Factors effecting nutritional needs: 4- Work Animals used for heavy work, require more energy For Example: hunting dogs, draft horses, race horses, etc. B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

26. C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics Which Would You Choose? Which one would TASTE better? Which serving would have the most CALORIES? 1 Snickers bar = 266 calories 1 cup broccoli = 30 calories To intake equal amounts of calories, which would FILL YOUR STOMACH - 1 snickers bar OR 9 cups of broccoli?

27. C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics Three Types of Feeds RoughageConcentratesSupplements

28. Roughage Contains MORE than 18% Crude Fiber Feed in HIGH quantities Contains MINIMAL energy per pound of feed C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

29. Roughage Corn Silage Dry Hay Grass and Pasture C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

30. Concentrates Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber Feed in SMALL quantities Contains HIGH amounts of energy per pound of feed C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

31. Concentrates CornOatsBarley Cotton Seed C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

32. Concentrates GRAIN: Factoid: “Grain” is a general term for a mixture of specific grains such as corn, oats, barley, etc. C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

33. 2 Methods of Feeding: Free Access Allows animals available feed to eat when they want Scheduled Feeding Providing a specific amount of feed at a certain time each day D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding

34. Free Access Feeding: PROS Takes less time Animal can eat as much as it wishes CONS Problems noticed MUCH slower Some animals will cause themselves serious health problems if they can eat all they want More feed wasted D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding

35. Determining How to Feed: Free Access (Small Animals do well) Rabbits Guinea Pigs Small Rodents Scheduled Horses, cows, sheep, goats should ALWAYS be fed concentrates on a schedule Any animal prone to over eating D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding

36. D. Interpret a feed label. List of Nutrients Feeding Directions Name of Feed Percent Contained Feed Company List of Ingredients