1. Chapter 7 Animal Biotechnology

2. Animals in Research

3. B1 B4 B2 B3 Animals in Research

4.  FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process Pre-Clinical Research and Development Animation: Drug Development Process

5. Animals in Research  FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process Pre-Clinical Animal Studies

6.  Animal Models Mice Rats Zebrafish (3 month generation time, 200 progeny, complete embryogenesis in 120 hrs) Dogs (lungs and cardiovascular system) Cats Pigs (PPL Therapeutics- delete a gene which causes hyperacute rejection of pig-to-human organ transplantation) Primates (HIV and AIDs research, geriatric research) Animals in Research

7.  Alternatives to Animal Models Cell culture devices Researchers use cell cultures and computer-generated models whenever possible, but this doesn’t work for looking at an organ or entire animal Animals in Research

8.  Regulation of Animal Research The “Three Rs” Reduce the number of higher species (cats, dogs, primates) used Replace animals with alternative models whenever possible Refine tests and experiments to ensure the most humane conditions possible Animals in Research

9.  Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials Treatments for humans may also be useful for treatments with animals (e.g. the BRCA1 gene found in 65% of human breast tumors is similar to the BRCA1 gene in dogs) Hyperthermia + radiation = more effective at killing tumors Stimulation of cytokines for curing skin cancers Animals in Research

10.  Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria Cloned in a gene that prevents the parasite from traversing the midgut; blocking the continuation of its life cycle Developed an antibody that prevents the parasite from entering the mosquito’s salivary gland Animals in Research

11. Cloning  A genetically identical copy of a cell or whole organism

12. Cloning  Embryogenesis – the process by which the embryo forms and develops Zygote – fertilized egg Blastocyst – early stage embryo prior to implantation

13. Cloning Methods  Embryo Twinning Embryo Twinning Animation

14. Cloning Methods  Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

15. Cloning Methods A look at Dolly the Sheep

16. Cloning Methods  Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer SCNT Animation

17. Cloning Methods Click and Clone a Mouse

18. Limits to Cloning  Decrease Genetic Diversity

19. Limits to Cloning  Epigenetic Effects

20. Limits to Cloning  Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness

21. Limits to Cloning  Abnormal Development

22. Limits to Cloning  Premature Aging Telomerase Animation

23. The Future of Cloning  Increase in genetic gain

24. The Future of Cloning  Consistent Quality

25. The Future of Cloning  Endangered Species

26. Transgenic Animals  Transgenic Animal – genome has been changed to carry genes from a different species

27. Transgenic Techniques  Embryonic Stem Cell Method

28. Transgenic Techniques  Pronuclear Injection Animation of Pronuclear Injection

29. Transgenic Techniques  Making clones of a transgenic animal Animation: Using SCNT to make transgenic goat

30. Transgenic Applications  Increased Production Efficiency: Transgenic Growth Hormones

31. Transgenic Applications  Improved Food Safety and Quality: longer shelf life

32. Transgenic Applications  Improved Food Safety and Quality: lactose intolerance

33.  Increase Nutritional Content: Lactoferrin Transgenic Applications

34.  Increased Production Efficiency: boost lactational performance

35. Transgenic Applications  Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to mastitis

36. Transgenic Applications  Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to mad cow disease

37. Transgenic Applications  Decreased Environmental Impact

38.  Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors Biosteel otherwise known as spider silk, cloned into goat milk (“silkmilk” goats) Goats reproduce faster than cows and are cheaper than cows Hens also make good bioreactors in that they are cheap and a lot of eggs are produced at one time Transgenic Animals

39.  Knock-outs: A Special Case of Transgenesis A specific gene is disrupted or removed such that it is not expressed Procedure: DNA is modified, it is added to embryonic stem cells, where it undergoes homologous recombination. The modified ES cells are then introduced into normal embryo. The embryo is implanted in an incubator mother. The offspring is a chimera. It may take several generations of crossbreeding are required to produce animals that are complete knock-outs. Breast cancer mouse Transgenic Animals

40. Producing Human Antibodies in Animals  Production of Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) Used to treat cancer, heart disease, and transplant rejection HUMANIZED monoclonal antibodies were developed to prevent the human anti- mouse antibody (HAMA) response