2. 1 1 Project #1 Optimization Model John H. Vande Vate Spring, 2001

3. 2 2 Careful about Words... Plants can ship to –DCs (direct) or –The Warehouse (indirect) All combined shipments come from the warehouse (not the Indiana plant). All Monitors, TV’s and Keyboards are shipped via the warehouse.

4. 3 3 Without Optimization For each DC there are 4 options: –All parts direct –All parts via Indianapolis warehouse –Green Bay & Indianapolis ship via warehouse –Denver & Indianapolis ship via warehouse Easy to calculate which of these is cheaper ….

5. 4 4 But... Ignoring the inventory implications at the plants and warehouse for indirect shipments Why?

6. 5 5 Not per DC

7. 6 6 Inventory at the Warehouse

8. 7 7 Approaches Inbound: Half a truckload for each plant that ships to the warehouse Outbound: ? The problem of different headways

9. 8 8 Time How much does indirect shipment add to the time to market? Production Demand Production

10. 9 9 Major weakness of Model It ignores the pipeline inventory This can have a significant impact on inventory!

11. 10 EOQ How to calculate the optimal shipment size? Is the cost per unit: –Distance/Q + Interest Rate*Value or –Distance/Q + Interest Rate*Value/2?

12. 11 It Depends! The EOQ formula –Inventory at the DC: Proportional to Q/2 –Transportation Cost: Proportional to Demand/Q –Inventory at the Plant: ?

13. 12 Inventory at the Plant item-days inventory at the plant accumulated for each shipment to DC #1, say, if the shipment size is Q? Q 2 /(2*Production Rate) Q Q/Production Rate

14. 13 Total Item-Days How many such shipments will there be? Annual Demand at DC #1/Q So, the total item-days per year from shipments to DC #1 will be… Q 2 /(2*Production Rate)*Demand at DC/Q Q*Demand at DC/(2*Production Rate) So, making shipments of size Q to DC #1 adds what to the average inventory at the plant?

15. 14 Effect on Average Inventory Q*Demand at DC/(2*Production Rate) Example: Q*2500/(2*100*2500) = Q/200 Correct EOQ for Direct Shipments: Total Cost: carrying cost*Q*Demand at DC/(2*Production Rate) + carrying cost*Q/2 +transport cost*Demand at DC/Q Q* =  2*transport*Demand/carrying cost  P/(D+P)

16. 15 In Our Case Since Demands at the n DCs are equal  P/(D+P) =  nD/(nD+D) =  n/(n+1) Q* =  2*transport*Demand/carrying cost  P/(D+P) Q* =  2*transport*Demand/carrying cost  n/(n+1)

17. 16 Will this Work at the Warehouse? “Outbound” Inventory of monitors Consider shipments to a DC the gets CPU’s and Consoles direct from the plants -- shipping only Monitors, etc. from Warehouse Analysis is identical Q/2 * Q/P * D/Q = Q*D/(2*P) Half the shipment size How long to accumulate the shipment The number of shipments/year

18. 17 What about the other products? Consider a shipment of Monitors and CPU’s What is the production rate? How long does it take to accumulate the shipment? Q Q/Production Rate

19. 18 Assumption Q is the number of “assemblies” shipped Assembly is Monitor, Keyboard, TV and CPU How long does it take to accumulate the shipment? How long does it take to accumulate the assemblies? Assumption: Allocate Monitors etc. (which arrive faster) to assemblies at the rate the CPUs arrive and the remainder to pure shipments.

20. 19 Example     

21. 20 Can’t Model it Exactly “Outbound” inventory for part at Warehouse from shipments to DC EOQ/2 * EOQ/P * D/EOQ = EOQ*D/(2P) P = annual vol. of option thru warehouse 1 ship opt to dc via warehouse 0 otherwise P = sum{dc in DCs}Demand for option at DC* x[dc] In the denominator! That’s not linear { Binary variable x[dc] =

22. 21 But, …. If all the EOQ*D’s are roughly equal we might approximate sum{dc in DCs} h * EOQ[dc]/2 *D*x[dc]/P sum{dc in DCs} h * EOQ[dc]/2 *(x[dc]/sum x[k])  h *(avg EOQ/2)*y Where y is a binary variable that models sum{dc in DCs} x[dc]/sum{k in DCs} x[k] 1 if any x[dc] =1 and 0 otherwise. { Binary variable y =

23. 22 Without Optimization Ignore inventory at the plants and at the warehouse Calculate best strategy at each dc All Direct: $4.5 million Only Denver via Indianapolis: $4.1 million Only GB via Indianapolis: $3.5 million All via Indianapolis: $3.0 million Best at each DC: $3.0 million

24. 23 Overview Sets –PLANTS –DCS –OPTIONS: All direct, none direct,... Parameters –Distances –EOQs for direct shipments and each option via the warehouse

25. 24 Variables Select an option for each dc Whether or not each plant ships to the warehouse Optionally, indicate whether or not each plant serves each dc directly (can be inferred from the option chosen. Whether or not the warehouse shipped each option to some dc

26. 25 Objective Transportation Costs Inventory Costs –Carrying cost for 1/2 the appropriate EOQ value at the DCs –1/2 the average EOQ value by option at the warehouse (outbound) –Carrying cost of 1/2 a truckload at the warehouse for each plant that ships to the warehouse (inbound)

27. 26 Inventory at the Plants Shipments of size Q induce inventory of Q*Demand at Destination/(2*Production Rate) at the Plant Q is the –the EOQ for the DCs –a truckload for the warehouse sum{dc in DCs}EOQ[dc]/(2*100)*Did we ship direct? + sum{dc in DCs}TL/(2*weight*100)*Did we ship via warehouse?

28. 27 Constraints Select a single option at each dc Whether or not each plant ships to the warehouse Whether or not the warehouse ships each option.

29. 28 Reports To a manager, not a professor Executive Summary -- the business! Solution Details Appendix –Modeling Assumptions –Model Description –Model itself

30. 29 Executive Summary Overview of Solution Take solution back through “exact” calculations and report –Total Cost –Breakdown of Transportation Cost Inventory Cost –Transportation Cost Breakdown by –Plant to Warehouse –Plant to DCs –Warehouse to DCs

31. 30 Exec Summary Cont’d –Inventory (Volume, Value, Carrying Cost) Breakdown by –Plant –Warehouse »CPU »Monitor »Console –DCs (overall average, min and max) »CPU »Monitor »Console

32. 31 Exec Summary - Impacts Time to market (total days in inventory) –Console –CPU –Monitors Days in Inventory at DCs (avg, min, max) –Console –CPU –Monitor Any significant regional differences..

33. 32 What if... All via Indianapolis … Warehouses at other plants (above and beyond for class,…)...

34. 33 Solution Details More detailed analysis of results summarized in Exec. Summary Charts, Tables, Graphs

35. 34 Appendix Assumptions, Approximations, Observations How we handled Indianapolis vs. Warehouse Approach to Inventory at the Warehouse and at Plants EOQ further discussion...