Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byJanel Howard Modified over 9 years ago
1
Chapter two Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Early African Societies
2
I- The Quest for Order A. Mesopotamia: the land between the rivers” 1. Valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates
3
2. Little rain so area needs irrigation 3. Food supplies increase a. human population increases b. migrants to the area increase, especially Semites c. Sumer (in south) becomes population center
4
Genesis 10:10 And in the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar (Sumer)…
5
4. First cities emerge, 4000 B.C.E. a. between 3200 and 2350 B.C.E., they involve into city-states (control of surrounding region) b. governments sponsor building projects and irrigation
6
d. Kingships evolve with cooperation of noble families c. attacks by others led to wall building and military development
7
B. The course of empire 1.Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 B.C.E ) a. coup against King of Kish b. seizes trade routes and natural resources c. gradually empire weakens and collapses about 2000 B.C.E.
8
2. Hammarabi Centralizes the bureaucracy and regulates taxation Capital is Babylon Law Code: law of retribution and importance of social status Hitte assault and empire crumbles 1595 B.C.E.
9
c. The later Mesopotamia empires 1.Assyrians (northern Mesopotamia), about 1300-625 B.C.E. a. cities: Assur and Ninevah b. powerful army: professional officers (merit), chariots, archers, iron weapons c. unpopular rule leads to rebellions; ends 612 B.C.E
10
chariots
11
2. New Babylonian empire, 600-550 B.C.E. a.Nebuchadnezzar (605 – 552 B.C.E. )
12
a.Hanging gardens of palace shows wealth and luxury
13
II- The formation of a complex society and sophisticated cultural traditions A. Economic specialization and trade 1. Bronze (made from copper and tin) used in weapons and later agricultural tools 2. Iron (about 1000 B.C.E.) cheaper and more widely available; used in weapons and tools
14
3. Wheel (about 3000B.C.E.) helps trade; carts can carry more goods further 4. Shipbuilding: maritime trade increases in all directions, network develops
15
The emergence of a stratified patriarchal society Social classes Cities: provide more opportunity to accumulate wealth
16
Standard of Ur (shows social classes) Ziggurat
17
Kings: (hereditary) and nobles (royal family and supporters) are highest class Priests and priestesses rule temple communities with large incomes and staff
18
Free commoners (peasants), dependant clients (no property), pay taxes and labor on building projects
19
Slaves (POW’s, criminals, debt servitude): mostly domestic servants
20
Patriarchy 1. Hammurabi’s code: men are head of household 2. Women get fewer rights after 2000 B.C.E.; by 1500 B.C.E. are wearing veils
21
The development of written cultural traditions - Reed stylus (wedge shaped) pressed in clay then baked - mostly commercial and tax documents
22
Education: vocation to be scribe or government official
23
Literature: astronomy, mathematics, abstract (religious and literary like Gilgamesh)
24
III- The broader influence of Mesopotamian society Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 1. Early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.)
25
- settle in cities - Abraham leads group to Palestine 1850 B.C.E. - Descendents borrow law of retribution and flood story from Mesopotamia
26
Some migrate to Egypt in eighteenth century B.C.E. - 12 tribes become Israelites - Mesopotamia style monarchs with Jerusalem as its capital - David (1000-970 B.C.E. ) then Solomon (970-930 B.C.E. )
27
Moses and monotheism Ten Commandments: moral and ethical standards for followers Compilation of teachings into Torah (1000-400 B.C.E.)
28
-Deportees return to Judea; become known as Jews (586 B.C.E.) -Prophets in this period increase devotion to people -Build distinct Jewish community in Judea with strong group identity
29
The Phoenicians -First settlers about 3000 B.C.E. ; develop kingdoms of independent city states
30
Little agriculture, live on trade and communication networks - Overland trade to Mesopotamia; influence on culture - Sea trade most important, get raw materials, trade for manufactured goods
31
Have early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E. )
32
-Linguists discover similarities between many languages; they must be related -Originate in steppes of Central Asia: pastoral people, 4500-2500 B.C.E. - Domesticate horses; learn to ride; use horses with carts, then chariots
33
IV- Indo-European migrations Indo-European origins
34
Indo-European expansion and its effects Indo-European society breaks up about 3000 B.C.E.; peoples gradually migrate Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E. - build powerful kingdoms - conquer Babylonian empire 1595B.C.E. - dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.
35
Technology: Light horse drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy
36
- Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E. -Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain - all pastoral agriculturalists - all speak related languages and worship similar deities - later wave of migrations to Iran and India (Aryan)
37
Egypt – northeastern Africa
39
A View of Egypt by Satellite
40
The Fertile Nile Valley
41
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
42
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
43
Ancient Egyptian History PeriodsTime Frame Nile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E. Archaic3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
44
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?
45
Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes
46
Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life
47
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
48
Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
49
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must- Haves” Perfume Whigs Mirror
50
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
51
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. Tutankham on 1336-1327 B. C. E.
52
Egyptian Nobility
53
Egyptian Priestly Class
54
Egyptian Scribe
55
Papyrus Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece
56
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship 110100100010,000100,0001,000,000 What number is this?
57
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
58
Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”
59
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
60
Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut
61
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus
62
Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul- spirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
63
Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10.Frankinsense
64
Preparation for the Afterlife
65
Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.
66
Journey to the Underworld A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb. The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
67
Egyptian Book of the Dead
68
The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris
69
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife
70
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
71
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
72
Giza Pyramid Complex
73
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
74
The Valley of the Kings
75
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
76
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
77
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask 1336-1327 B. C. E.
78
King Tutankhamon
79
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
80
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
81
The Valley of the Queens Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1473-1458 B. C. E.
82
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? 1352-1336 B. C. E.
83
The Ankh – The “Cross” of Life
84
Queen Nefertiti
85
Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E.
86
Who Are These Strange People?
87
Routes of the “Sea Peoples” The end of the Bronze Age!
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.