1. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 1 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 ASSESSING THE WELDABILITY OF NICKEL BASED SUPERALLOYS Joel Andersson

2. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 2 Volvo Aero Components Hot Structural Parts Maximum Temperatures for Hot Structural Part Alloys of Interest: 718Plus: 700°C Waspaloy: 750 °C Alloy 718: 650°C Flygteknik 2010

3. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 3 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 ”Back to the Future” Weld Assemblies Make it Light

4. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 4 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010

5. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 5 Welding Simulation at Volvo Aero Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010

6. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 6 Process Material mechanisms Experience/Testing Expert/Modeling Generic Knowledge Process ? Generic Weld Cracking

7. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 7 Weldability? Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 To describe a material’s ability to be readily fabricated, to perform in service, or both.

8. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 8 Material’s resistance to cracking during fabrication  Hot cracking –Cracks associated with the presence of liquid in the fusion and heat affected zone  Warm cracking –Occurs at elevated temperatures in the solid-state, i.e. no liquid is present  Cold cracking –Occurs at ”low” temperature and is usually related to embrittling species Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Weldability

9. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 9  Self-restraint test – i.e. Circle patch  Simulative tests –Involves tension or bending to simulate high restraint levels in welds.  Hot ductility tests –Measure the strength and ductility at elevated temperatures. Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Weldability Testing - Hot Cracking

10. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 10 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Material Form Influence Weldability! Cast Wrought

11. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 11 Homogenization of Cast Material AS-CAST Time [hrs] Temperature [ ° C] 10 5 1 10501125 1100 1075 1200 11501175 100μm

12. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 12  Chemistry? –Melting point depressant and eutectic forming elements, e.g Nb, C, Si… –Harderners, e.g. Al and Ti –Trace elements like B, P and S Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 In Addition, Chemistry! Hot Cracking and Strain Age Cracking (Warm cracking)

13. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 13 Superalloy Chemistry  Chemistry – wrought  Niobium –Segregation  Result of segregation –Carbides –Laves eutectics Flygteknik 2010 Wt%

14. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 14 718718PlusWaspaloy Chalmers University of Technology DSC JMatPro Flygteknik 2010

15. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 15 ”Bend tests” at Aalto University, Finland Transvarestraint ProvningVarestraint Provning Flygteknik 2010

16. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 16 QUENCH SYSTEM TEST CHAMBER PROGRAMMING UNIT GLEEBLE CONTROLLING UNIT SAMPLE THERMOCOUPLES GRIPS QUENCH SYSTEM TEST CHAMBER Gleeble test at University of Manitoba, Canada Flygteknik 2010

17. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 17 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Hot Ductility

18. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 18 Weld trials at Volvo Aero

19. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 19 Aging Diagram ’Strain Age Cracking’ Temperature, º C Time, sec 1 10 100 1000 10000 500 ’’  ’’ Heating Flygteknik 2010

20. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 20 Ni 3 (Al,Ti) ’’ Weldability limit Strain Age Cracking Diagram Flygteknik 2010

21. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 21 Summary Flygteknik 2010 Manufacturing Repair

22. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 22  Welding metallurgy must be fully understood! –Integrated with welding simulation!  Weldability in general (metallurgical standpoint) –Eutectic forming elements  Hot ductility Hot Cracking  Ability to heal cracks –Hardeners such as Al and TiSAC Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Summary

23. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 23 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010 Thank you!

24. Volvo Aero Corporation Proprietary Information. This information is subject to restrictions on first page. Joel Andersson 10110 Utg. 12 Slide 24 Flygteknik 2010 18 - 19 Oktober 2010