1. Pharmacology introduction
DR NARENDRA KUMAR
Assistant Professor

2. Physiological functions
Introduction
Living Organism
Physiological functions
Chemical Reactions
DRUG
Physiology
PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology
Biochemistry

3. As per WHO Scientific group
? DRUG
As per WHO Scientific group
“Any Substance or product that is used and intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological state for the benefit of the recipient “

4. Drug categories Prescription drugs
Are used under only medical supervision and dispensed by an order of medical practitioner only
OTC drugs
Can be sold over the counter without prescription

5. Sub divisions of Pharmacology
Deals with ADME process i.e. what the body does to the drug
Deals with the biological effect of the drug ,its mechanism of action and relation b/w its plasma concentration ,its response and duration of action i.e. What the drug does to the body .
Clinical application of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics information to cure a disease .
Deals with the comparative clinical evaluations of new drug for developing its therapeutic efficacy and safety
Deals with the toxicity and poisonous effects of various chemicals and also with the symptoms and treatment of poisoning
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Clinical pharmacology
Toxicology

6. Pharmacoepidemeiology
Pharmacology
Chemotherapy
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacoepidemeiology
Pharmacovigilance
Deals with the systemic infection or malignancy with drugs with selective toxicity for infecting organisms.
Deals with the study of inherited (single gene mediated)differences in the drug metabolism or drug response in humans.
Deals with the genetic make up (Genome) of individual to choose drug therapy .
Deals with the study of use and effects of the drug in large population to establish risk: Benefit ratio of the drug .
Deals with the continuous monitoring for unwanted effects and other safety related aspects of marketed drugs . Science related to DAUP
(Detection, Assessment. Understanding and Prevention)

7. Sources of Information
Drug Compendia
Formularies
Pharmacopoeias
Official
Non Official
Martindale
Pharmacopoeias
Formulary
British pharmacopoeias
Pharmaceutical codex(by pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain )
United states Pharmacopoeias
National Formulary (by American Pharmaceutical Association)
Indian Pharmacopoeias
National Formulary of India

8. Non offical Compendia
Serves as Secondary Source of drug Information both by Generic name and Trade name
This Information is generalized and is not restricted to only those drugs which are approved for use by the legally constituted committee of that country .
For Example :
1. AMA Drug Evaluation : by American Medical Association and Council on Drugs
2. Modern Drug Encyclopedia: by Yorkee Medical books , New York, USA
3. Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) : by Medical Economics Publications ,USA
4. Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeias : by Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain .

9. DRUG NOMENCLATURE Chemical name Proprietary (Brand) name
A drug generally has three categories of names:
Chemical name
It describes the substance chemically, e.g. 1-(Isopropylamino )-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2 –ol for propranolol.
(b) Non-proprietary / official name / Approved name
Name in the official books accepted all over the world
Proprietary (Brand) name
Crocin for Paracetamol

11. Essential medicines
Essential medicines, as defined by the WHO are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford."

12. Orphan Drugs
These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease (endemic only in resource poor countries) for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that drug.
e.g. sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,, rifabutin,, somatropin, digoxin immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3) and many more.
Governments in developed countries offer tax benefits and other incentives to pharmaceutical companies for developing and marketing orphan drugs (e.g. Orphan Drug Act in USA).

13. Laws governing Drugs (Drugs Schedule ) AS per detailed in USP Vol
Laws governing Drugs (Drugs Schedule ) AS per detailed in USP Vol.XXII and by NF
Includes the drugs with high potential of Abuse Eg. LSD, Heroin .Marijuana, Flunitrazepam and Methaqualone
Includes morphine ,codiene, pethidine, fentanyl, cocaine, amphetamine,methylphenidate, pentobarbital and secobarbital .these can be used under medical supervision only
The drugs with moderate physical and psychological dependence eg. Stanzolol, ketamine ,nalorphine ,thiopental ,suppository form of secobarbital and pentobarbital etc
They have low potential for abuse and have limited physical and pshycological dependence eg. Long acting barbiturates ,Benzodiazapines, Propoxyphene ,Pentazocine ,Premolineolpidem and Zaleplon
They have minimal use abuse potential and minimum dependence liability eg Lamotil and formulation containing Codiene while others are OTC drugs.,
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V

14. H- Prescription Drugs Schedules A- Prescribed forms B-State fees
C and C 1-Biological and special products
D- Import of Drugs
E 1- Poisonous Substances
F &
F(I)- Standards Of Bacterial Vaccines
FF- Opthalmic preparations
F(II)- Surgical dressings and bandage cloth
F(III)-Umbilical tapes
G- Drugs with Label CAUTION
H- Prescription Drugs
J-List of Ailments
K-Exemtions from provisions of chapter IV of drug act
M-GMP
M1- Mfg of Homeopathic Drugs
M-II- Mfg of Cosmetics
M-III- Mfg of medical devices

15. X- Pshycotropic drugs req. special licences for mfg and sale
Schedules
N- equipments, entrance ,premises,furniture, apparatus & general provisions
O-Disinfectants fluids
P- Expiry period
P 1- Pack Sizes of drugs
Q- Dyes ,colours, pigments used in cosmetics and soaps
R- Mechanical Contraceptives
R-1- Medical devices
S- Standards of cosmetics
T-requirments of factory premises, hygienic conditions for Ayurvedic & Unani drugs.
U & U1- Mfg Records
V-Patents & Proprietary medicine
W-Names of drugs which can be marketed under generic names only .
X- Pshycotropic drugs req. special licences for mfg and sale
Y- req. & guidelines on clinical trials, import & mfg of new drugs.

16. Bibliography
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology -7th edition by KD Tripathi
Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics  12th edition by Laurence Brunton (Editor)
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology  - 6th edition by Richard A. Harvey
Basic and Clinical pharmacology 11th edition by Bertram G Katzung
Rang & Dale's Pharmacology -7th edition  by Humphrey P. Rang
Clinical Pharmacology 11th edition By Bennett and Brown, Churchill Livingstone
Principles of Pharmacology 2nd edition by HL Sharma and KK Sharma
Review of Pharmacology by Gobind Sparsh