1. Inventory of Mine Openings Using Topographic Lidar State of the Professions-Looking to the Future! Presented by: Clark Niewendorp, Industrial Minerals Geologist Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries April 21-23, 2015 1

2. Lidar for this study is publicly available and was not flown specifically for an AML study Lidar data was collected by the Oregon Lidar Consortium; participating partners in 2009 Now part of the Opal Creek Wilderness & Opal Creek Scenic Recreation Area North Santiam Mining District, Marion County 2

3. Little North Santiam River Opal Creek Rugged mountains Steeply incised valleys Densely forested Whetstone Mtn. ~17 km (11 mi) long east-west; 8 km (5 mi) wide north-south Image from Quick Terrain Modeler Jawbones Flats/ Amalgamated Mill Gold Creek Site of original gold discovery Bornite deposit Ruth Mine North Santiam Mining District Map Window 3

4. Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Surveys USGS topographic maps Ortho-photography Historical mine records Reports Maps (claim, workings) Newspapers Mineral surveys (County & BLM) Traditional approach Terrain analysis with lidar 4 “FIELD SURVEY(S)”

5. Adits Open Cuts Shaft(s) What to look for in the lidar imagery? …looking for pixel shading patterns for… 5 Abandoned Mines… STAY OUT and STAY ALIVE

6. CASCADE RANGE Visualization Techniques BareEarth DEM ArcGIS ™ 10.1 (Esri ® ) : Lidar DEM (azimuth, 315; altitude, 45) Start with the most common Hillshade raster Slopeshade raster  A step further: Overlay (transparency) 6

7. Hillshade Prospect Pit Adit & waste rock pile Slopeshade Hillshade & Slopeshade 50 % contrast 40 % transparency ArcGIS™ 10.1 (Esri®) 315° 45° 7

8. 8 Analytical hillshading Hillshading from multiple directions Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of hillshading Slope gradient Simple local relief model Sky-view Factor Anisotropic Sky-View Factor Openness – Positive Openness – Negative * http://iaps.zrc-sazu.si/en/rvt Relief Visualization Toolbox ver. 1.1 (Zaksek and others, 2014)* GeoTIFF of the BareEarth DEM

9. Hillshade Hillshade in multiple directions 315° 45° 0500 Feet 16 45° 9 Relief Visualization Toolbox ver. 1.1 (Zaksek and others, 2014)

10. …proportion of available sky to DEM pixel through direct line of sight in all directions and at all angles without terrain obstructions… High available sky Low available sky Relief Visualization Toolbox ver. 1.1 (Zaksek and others, 2014) Sky-View Factor 10

11. 11 16 10 m (20 px) 0 1 Clear distinction between protruding features and depressions Relief Visualization Toolbox ver. 1.1 (Zaksek and others, 2014)

12. 12 Mining camps, mill sites, and trails/roads are AML features, too. Image from Quick Terrain Modeler

13. Battle Ax Creek Opal Creek Quick Terrain Modeler Ruth Mine Level 5 Ca. 1939-40 13 Jawbone Flats mining camp Ruth Mine Level 4 http://www.opalcreek.org/history-ecology/ Mine road & haulage

14. Outcome… Lidar reconnaissance revealed 226 AML features in the district mine entrances exploration pits waste rock areas Previous surveys showed only 58 AML features Able to show… Terrain analysis with lidar (DEM-bare earth) is an effective reconnaissance tool for generalization of AML features in advance of a ground survey Benefits… Increases efficiency and saves labor Can’t replace… Boots on the ground! 14