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Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions Kirill Filimonov (LBNL)

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1 Collective Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions Kirill Filimonov (LBNL)

2 What is Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions? Collective motion characterized by space-momentum correlation of dynamic origin Concept from Hydrodynamics: - hot and compressed matter behaves like a compressible fluid axially symmetric radial flow azimuthally anisotropic transverse flow Types of Flow:

3 Collective Behavior in non-central Heavy Ion Collisions b – impact parameter Low energy heavy-ion collisions: E/A=25 MeV

4 Collective Behavior in non-central Heavy Ion Collisions Relativistic heavy-ion collisions: E/A~0.4-10 GeV b – impact parameter “spectators” “participants”

5 Collective Behavior in non-central Heavy Ion Collisions Passage time: 2R/(β cm γ cm ) “spectators” “participants” REACTION PLANE 15 fm/c at 1 GeV/nucleon 5.4 fm/c at 10 GeV/nucleon 1.4 fm/c at 160 GeV/nucleon

6 View in transverse plane TARGETPROJECTILE Spectator blocking x y Azimuthal anisotropy in momentum space (directed flow) pxpx pypy

7 Directed (sideward) Flow Example: E877 (AGS, 11 AGeV) ≠0 pxpx pypy protons deuterons

8 Out-of-plane squeeze-out (spectator blocking) x y Azimuthal anisotropy in momentum space (elliptic flow) pxpx pypy  dN/d  -  /2 0  /2

9 In-plane elliptic flow (due to pressure gradient) x y Azimuthal anisotropy in momentum space (elliptic flow) pxpx pypy  dN/d  -  /2 0  /2

10 Interplay of passage/expansion times Passage time: 2R/(β cm γ cm ) Expansion time: R/c s c s =c√dp/dε - speed of sound

11 Sensitivity to nuclear EOS Science, Vol 298, Issue 5598, 1592-1596, 22 November 2002 Determination of the Equation of State of Dense Matter Pawel Danielewicz, Roy Lacey, William G. Lynch Directed Flow:Elliptic flow:

12 Elliptic flow at RHIC b – impact parameter “spectators” Longitudinal and transverse expansion => no influence of spectator matter at midrapidity

13 Elliptic flow at RHIC Reaction plane In-plane Out-of-plane Y X Re-interactions  FLOW Re-interactions among what? Hadrons, partons or both? In other words, what equation of state? Flow

14 Azimuthal distributions at RHIC STAR, PRL90 032301 (2003) b ≈ 4 fm “central” collisions b ≈ 6.5 fm midcentral collisions

15 Azimuthal distributions at RHIC STAR, PRL90 032301 (2003) b ≈ 4 fm b ≈ 6.5 fm b ≈ 10 fm peripheral collisions “v 2 ”

16 v 2 Excitation Function Rich structure Transition from in- plane to out-of-plane and back to in-plane emission Geometry effect in addition to (smooth?) change in pressure

17 v 2 vs Energy Density Steady increase with energy density Close to hydrodynamic limit for most central collisions at RHIC

18 Elliptic flow => sensitivity to early system “Elliptic flow” evidence of collective motion sensitive to early pressure evidence for early thermalization QGP in early stage Hydrodynamic calculation of system evolution

19 Quark-number scaling At intermediate p T v 2 appears to depend on quark-number For p T /n > 0.6 GeV/c, v 2 scales with the number of quarks n, as predicted for hadron formation by quark coalescence Pions deviate: perhaps because they are goldstone bosons but also because of resonance decay contributions.

20 Conclusions and Outlook Elliptic flow at RHIC => Evidence for early pressure First time hydro works in heavy ion collisions! Indications of re-interaction between constituent quarks Will charm flow at RHIC?

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