1. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Technology By R. Thomas Wright The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois www.g-w.com PowerPoint Presentations for

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Applying Technology: Producing Products and Structures Section 5

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Chapter 17 Constructing Structures

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Objectives List the two types of construction. Describe the major types of buildings that are constructed. Identify the steps involved in constructing a structure. Identify the types of foundations. Describe the framework used in buildings.

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Learning Objectives Describe how buildings are enclosed. Explain the types of utility systems used in buildings. Describe materials used in finishing buildings. Identify other types of buildings. Identify the characteristics of heavy engineering structures.

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Types of Structures Types of Construction Projects Buildings Residential buildings, commercial buildings, and industrial buildings. - May include monuments, cultural and government buildings, transportation terminals, sports arenas and exhibition centers, and agricultural buildings. Heavy Engineering Structures Transportation, communication, and production structures. -Roadways, bridges, antenna towers, refineries, and dams.

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion Can you think of a few specific major monuments, buildings, or bridges?

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Manufactured Home

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Constructing Buildings (Gehl Co.)

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Constructing Buildings Preparing the site involves choosing a location, purchasing the land, clearing, grading, and leveling the site. A complete foundation has two parts: footing and foundation wall. Foundation to be used is determined by the soil type of the site.

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Foundation Types Spread foundations are used on rock and in hard soils, such as clay.Spread foundations Slab foundations are used for soft soils.Slab foundations Pile foundations are used on wet, marshy, or sandy soils.Pile foundations

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Framework The framework consists of the floors, interior and exterior walls, ceilings, and roof. It is built from one of three materials: lumber, steel, or reinforced concrete. lumbersteelreinforced concrete There are three steps to building the framework: building the floor, the wall frames, and the ceiling and roof.

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Floor Lumber floors begin with a wood sill, then floor joists.sillfloor joists The subfloor is installed on top of the joists.subfloor Final flooring material comes after the building is enclosed.

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Wall Frames

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Roof and Ceiling The ceiling and roof are connected to the wall frames after they have been constructed.ceiling Ceiling joists are laid across to support the wall frames.Ceiling joists Rafters are connected to ceiling joists to make a truss and support the exterior roof.Rafterstruss

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Enclosing the Structure Two steps: –Sheathing the exterior with plywood, fiberboard, or rigid foam sheets.Sheathing –Installing the roof. First, the roof is sheathed with plywood or waferboard. Then, the roofing materials are installed according to roof style.

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Utility Systems Electricity systems use 110-volt and 220-volt circuits split by the distribution panel to power appliances and other systems. Plumbing systems bring in potable water and expel wastewater.potable waterwastewater There are various climate control systems that either heat or cool buildings. Systems like the telephone, radio, television, and intercoms are communication systems.

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion What was life like without modern utility systems? Electricity resource Plumbing resource Energy timeline Communication timeline

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Climate Control Systems Heating systems can be either direct or indirect and powered by electricity, coal, oil, wood, natural gas, propane, or water. There are forced-air heating, hot water heating, and active and passive solar home systems.forced-air heatinghot water heating Cooling systems use compressors, evaporators, condensers, and fans to cool and distribute cold air. A heat pump can both heat and cool a home.heat pump

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Finishing the Exterior and Interior Installing siding and trim on the exterior. –There is a vast amount of materials to be used, ranging from wood to stucco. Insulation, a vapor barrier, and drywall finish the interior walls.drywall The absolute final steps for the house involve installation of cabinets, trim, floor coverings, lighting fixtures, and then painting. Landscaping adds to the appeal of the building.Landscaping –Landscaping servicesLandscaping services

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Heavy Engineering Structures Heavy engineering construction includes building civil structures, or heavy engineering structures, such as:Heavy engineering construction –Highways, power transmission and communication towers, and hydroelectric and flood control dams. Heavy engineering structures can be divided into transportation, communication, and production structures.

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Transportation Structures Transportation structures transport people and goods. Roadways are very common and date back to early civilization. –Today, roadways are made of layers of compacted dirt, coarse gravel, finer gravel, and finally either asphalt or concrete.

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bridges Movable or fixed. All are made of a substructure (piers and abutments) and a superstructure (the deck). There are five types: beam bridges, truss bridges, arch bridges, cantilever bridges, and suspension bridges. beam bridgestruss bridgesarch bridges cantilever bridgessuspension bridges

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Communication and Production Most telecommunication technology relies on constructed towers to support antennas. Some production structures are not buildings. –Petroleum refineries, irrigation systems, and evaporation basins. –The gravity dam, rock dams, earth dams, and the buttress dam are other useful production structures.gravity dam buttress dam

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Discussion How have heavy engineering structures, such as the Hoover Dam, changed modern life? Building dams: before and after Building bridges

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Career Corner Carpenters. –Help construct buildings, highways, bridges, factories, and other structures. –Have a somewhat strenuous job. –Skilled trade. Occupations Information Construction Careers

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are the two types of construction projects? Construction of buildings and of heavy engineering structures.

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are some of the general types of buildings that are built? Residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are the seven steps involved with most construction projects? Preparing the site, setting foundations, building the framework, enclosing the structure, installing utilities, finishing the exterior and interior, and completing the site.

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Identify the three types of foundations. Slab foundation, spread foundation, and pile foundation.

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What materials can the framework of a building be made of? Wood, steel, or reinforced concrete.

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What materials are used to enclose the exterior walls? Plywood, fiberboard, or rigid foam sheets.

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are the utility systems used in homes? Electricity, plumbing, communications, and climate control.

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What materials are used for siding? Wood shingles and boards, plywood, hardboard, brick, stone, aluminum, vinyl, and stucco.

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Besides residential, commercial, and industrial, what other buildings are there? Monuments, cultural buildings, government buildings, transportation terminals, sports arenas and exhibition centers, and agricultural centers.

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What three general categories are heavy engineering structures split into? Transportation, communication, and production structures.

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Arch bridges –bridges that use curved members to support the deck. Beam bridges –bridges that use concrete or steel beams to support the deck. Buildings –structures erected to protect people, materials, and equipment from the outside environment.

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Buttress dam –a dam that uses its structure to hold back water. Cantilever bridges –bridges that use trusses extending out like arms. Ceiling –the inside surface at the top of a room.

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Ceiling joists –beams, resting on the outside walls and some interior walls, that support the weight of the ceiling. Commercial buildings –buildings used for business and government purposes. Construction –the process of using manufactured goods and industrial materials to build structures on a site.

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Drywall –gypsum wallboard. It is used as an interior wall covering. Fascia –a type of board used to finish the ends of rafters and an overhang. Floor joists –beams that carry the weight of the floor.

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Forced-air heating –a type of system in which furnaces heat air as a conduction medium. Gravity dam –a dam in which the lake side is vertical, while the other side slopes outward. Headers –parts of a building framework that carry the weight from the roof and ceiling across the door and window openings. They are held up by trimmer studs.

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Heat pump –a unit used in climate control that works as a cooling and heating system by capturing heat in the atmosphere. Heavy engineering construction –erecting structures that are not buildings. Heavy engineering structures –structures, such as bridges, highways, and airports, that help our economy function effectively.

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Hot water heating –an indirect climate control system that uses water to carry heat. Industrial buildings –buildings that house the machines that make products. Landscaping –the activities that help prevent erosion and improve the appearance of a site.

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Lumber –wood used to make frameworks in residences or other types of structures. Manufactured home –a special type of building mostly built in a factory. Pile foundations –types of foundations used on wet, marshy, or sandy soils.

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Potable water –water safe for drinking. Rafters –angled boards that extend from the top plate of exterior walls to the ridge of the roof. Reinforced concrete –a material used in the frameworks of industrial and commercial buildings.

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Residential buildings –structures in which people live. Sheathing –covering. Sill –wood piece attached to the top of a foundation.

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Slab foundations –a type of foundation used for structures erected on soft soils. Soffit –the underside of a building’s roof edge. Sole plate –the strip at the bottom of a framed wall.

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Spread foundations –types of foundations used on rock and in hard soils. Steel –an alloy of iron and carbon used for frameworks in industrial and commercial buildings. Studs –uprights nailed to a sole plate.

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Subfloor –a base, usually made from plywood or particleboard, that goes under tile, carpeting, or other flooring materials. Suspension bridges –bridges that use cables to carry loads. Top plate –a double ribbon of 2  4s.

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Terms Truss –a triangle-shaped structure that includes both the rafter and ceiling joist in one unit. Truss bridges –bridges that use small parts arranged in triangles to support the deck. Wastewater –the water from sinks, showers, tubs, toilets, and washing machines. It is drained away by part of the plumbing system.