1. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-1 Chapter 2

2. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-2 The insides of a tower cabinet PC

3. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-3 Data Storage Analog versusDigital

4. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-4 Analog to Digital Coding

5. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-5 Data Storage AnalogtoDigitalConversion Compact Disc Analog Signal

6. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-6 Data Storage Bits Bits Binary Digits On-bits & Off-bits Bits Bits Binary Digits On-bits & Off-bits

7. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-7 Bits on the surface of a magnetic disk

8. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-8 Data in a Computer Data in a Computer Primary Storage - RAM (Temporary) Secondary Storage - Disk Drives (Permanent) Data in a Computer Data in a Computer Primary Storage - RAM (Temporary) Secondary Storage - Disk Drives (Permanent) Data Storage

9. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-9 Encoding Systems ASCII & ANSI Unicode ASCII & ANSI Unicode

10. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-10 ASCII character encoding

11. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-11

12. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-12 Non-English characters represented using 16-bit Unicode

13. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-13 The Computer System Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

14. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-14

15. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-15

16. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-16 Parallel Processing each auxiliary processor handles a piece of the problem

17. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-17 The Computer System Random Access Storage (RAM) DRAM - Dynamic RAM SRAM - Static RAM RAM Technology CMOS SIMMs Random Access Storage (RAM) DRAM - Dynamic RAM SRAM - Static RAM RAM Technology CMOS SIMMs

18. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-18 RAM chips (center) and auxiliary processors

19. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-19 System Memory ROM PROM Flash Memory Cache Memory ROM PROM Flash Memory Cache Memory

20. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-20 Flash memory common for laptops

21. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-21 Non-volatile memory is preferred for its durability in rugged settings

22. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-22 Processor Functions  Read & Interpret Program Instructions  Direct Operation of Internal Processor Components  Control Flow of Programs & Data in & out of RAM  Read & Interpret Program Instructions  Direct Operation of Internal Processor Components  Control Flow of Programs & Data in & out of RAM

23. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-23 Arithmetic Logic Unit Arithmetic & Logic unit performs all computations and logical operations 2+2=42+2<5

24. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-24Buses ALUFLASHCPURAM ROM Device Controllers

25. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-25 How the Processor Works Execute Instruction ALU Instruction Time Execution Time Place Result in Memory ALU to RAM Decode Instruction Control Unit Fetch Instruction RAM to Control Unit

26. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-26Processing CISC RISC Parallel Processing MPP CISC RISC Parallel Processing MPP

27. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-27 RISC-based IBM System/3000

28. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-28 Processor Parts Word Size 16, 32 & 64 Bit Buses Speed Megahertz MHz MIPS FLOPS & GFLOPS Word Size 16, 32 & 64 Bit Buses Speed Megahertz MHz MIPS FLOPS & GFLOPS

29. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-29 Cray T90 supercomputer 64 GFLOPS (gigaflops)

30. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-30

31. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-31 Processor Parts Ram Capacity Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes The Microprocessor Ram Capacity Kilobytes Megabytes Gigabytes Terabytes The Microprocessor

32. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-32 Meaningful measurements

33. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-33

34. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-34 The Motherboard Microprocessor Electronic Circuitry Memory Chips Bus Expansion Slots Microprocessor Electronic Circuitry Memory Chips Bus Expansion Slots

35. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-35 System Board

36. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-36 Processor Types Motorola PowerPC Intel Pentium & Pentium Pro Motorola PowerPC Intel Pentium & Pentium Pro

37. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-37 Advantage Intel: Momentum & Proven Track Record Advantage Intel: Momentum & Proven Track Record Processor Types Motorola PowerPC Intel Pentium & Pentium Pro Motorola PowerPC Intel Pentium & Pentium Pro

38. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-38 IBM/Motorola PowerPC chip (Macintosh microprocessor)

39. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-39 Intel Pentium Microprocessor (used on most PC’s)

40. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-40 Removal of etched wafers: each contains 100- 400 IC’s, and each IC contains millions of transistors

41. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-41 Connecting Peripherals Ports Serial Parallel Dedicated Keyboard Dedicated Mouse Ports Serial Parallel Dedicated Keyboard Dedicated Mouse

42. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-42 Serial and parallel data transmission

43. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-43 Expansion Boards ISA Buses MCA & EISA Buses Local Buses PCI Local Bus VL Bus SCSI Bus ISA Buses MCA & EISA Buses Local Buses PCI Local Bus VL Bus SCSI Bus

44. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-44 PC Expansion Graphics Adapter Sound Fax Modem Peripheral Device Interface Serial & Parallel Ports Graphics Adapter Sound Fax Modem Peripheral Device Interface Serial & Parallel Ports

45. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-45 Cable modems (very fast internet downloads)

46. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-46 Network Interface SCSI Interface Card Video Capture PC Cards PCMCIA Technology Network Interface SCSI Interface Card Video Capture PC Cards PCMCIA Technology PC Expansion

47. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-47 External modem for laptop using PCMCIA expansion slots

48. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-48

49. Copyright Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998 2-49 Telling Computers What To Do Chapter 3 Coming next: