2. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents Marine Pollutants

4. Oil drums on a beach in Pulau Redang, Malaysia. Petroleum Hydrocarbons

5. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003. Petroleum Hydrocarbons

6. Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil Petroleum Hydrocarbons

7. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska 10 million gallons of oil spilled 400 miles of shore line affected $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

8. The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. Spain November 19, 2002 Lifeboat w/ dead bird sinking incident

9. Persian Gulf War (1991) 240 million gallons of oil spilled

10. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

11. Containing oil spills: Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship Burning oil off Chemical dispersants Bioremediation- bacteria

12. Containing oil spills: Hair Booms

13. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff31.1% Tanker operations21.8% Coastal facilities13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

14. 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface Plastics

15. “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi 2. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

16. 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6 Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded

19. Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds. hypersaline lake (120-140 o / oo ) Laysan Island

20. Laysan albatross Sooty tern Laysan finch

21. Laysan Island

22. Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

23. A dead Laysan Albatross chick with seven bottle tops in its gullet. Adult Albatross feed on flying fish eggs that the adult fish attach to floating debris.

24. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

25. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

26. Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds. Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted species Pesticide toxicity often effects human health Rachael Carson- Silent Spring Bioaccumulation  biomagnification Pesticides & Herbicides

27. Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT): used as a pesticide from 1939-late 1960s fat soluble compound the world’s production has substantially decreased since it was banned in the West detected in mud of deep sea and snow & ice of Antarctica Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines: Include DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade Pesticides

28. Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) produced since 1944 banned in U.S. by 1979 used in production of electrical equipment, paints, plastics, adhesives, and coating compounds… found everywhere in the ocean released in env. by unregulated incineration of discarded products DDT & PCBs affects: copepod and oyster development death of shrimp and a variety of fish

29. Biomagnification

30. Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu Heavy metals resist biodegradation Natural occurrence- volcanoes Mercury (Hg)- toxic when attached to short carbon- chain alkyl group, strongly neurotoxic, birthdefects Lead (Pb)- from batteries, sewage, fuel additives, neurotoxic effects, mental development in children Cadmium (Cd)- from batteries, sewage, electroplating factories, effects on human kidney function, bone deformities Toxic Metals

31. Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan Industrial pollution from plastic plant; dumped mercuric chloride into bay Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish  43 dead and 700 permanently disabled Symptoms: kidney damage, neuromuscular deterioration, birth defects,insanity,   death Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell fishing Surviving victims received $24,200 as settlement Heavy Metals

32. Cu: Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) Banned in U.S. 1980s Acts as an immunosuppressor Accumulations unusually high in small whales May be associated with strandings Pac Baroness – freighter carrying 21,000 metric tons of finely powdered Cu sank in 448 m in 1987 of coast of central CA Tainted water detected 41km down current of wreck Major fishing zone for rock cod and Dover sole

33. Pb: Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

34. Sewage Causes disease outbreaks Contributes to eutrophication Point Source Pollution

35. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? 40 straight days of rain 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

36. Disease

37. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff nutrient enrichment of coastal waters physiological consequences on corals ecological consequences –phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration –benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

38. Nutrients and Algae Growth

40. Atomic Testing

41. Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

42. Ocean Dumping total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies US Other Switzerland Great Britain USSR

43. Arctic Ocean Russia Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Moscow

44. Thermal Effluents Power plants

45. Non-Point Source Pollution Ala Wai Constructed 1920-28 to reduce mosquitoes, but failed.

46. Sediment Runoff

47. Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean (Maui)

48. Corals Smothered in Sediment

49. Pflueger at Pila’a, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations

50. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)

51. Types of Non-Point Source Pollution automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds

52. Other Wastes

53. 1989

55. Net Damage

56. French Frigate Shoals (2001) Kure Atoll

57. Sept. 28, 2007 Kamilo Beach Big Island

58. Munitions Dumping Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)

59. Munitions Dumping 1940’s to 1972 off west coast of Oahu

60. Inquiry 1.Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2.Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3.Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 4.What may result when eutrophication occurs?