2. Regents Biology 2007-2008 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

3. Regents Biology  Respiration  Must have enzymes!!!  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP  Photosynthesis  Must have enzymes & light & chlorophyll!!!!  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

4. Regents Biology Energy needs of life  Animals are energy consumers  What do we need energy for?  synthesis (building)  reproduction  active transport (pumping)  movement  temperature control (making heat)

5. Regents Biology Where do we get energy?  Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Animals eat these organic molecules  food  digest food to get  fuels for energy (ATP)  raw materials for building more molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

6. Regents Biology 2007-2008 ATP What is energy in biology? Whoa! HOT stuff! Adenosine TriPhosphate

7. Regents Biology Harvesting energy stored in food  Cellular respiration  breaking down food to produce ATP  in mitochondria  using oxygen  usually digesting glucose  but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  + +++ heat

8. Regents Biology What do we need to make energy?  The “Furnace” for making energy  mitochondria  Fuel  food  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  The Helpers  oxygen  “aerobic”  enzymes O2O2 food ATP Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes

9. Regents Biology Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

10. Regents Biology CO 2 + H 2 O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) O2O2 “Burn fuels” to make energy combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP (+ heat) aerobic respiration making ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps food (carbohydrates) O2O2

11. Regents Biology Using ATP to do work? A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Can’t store ATP  too unstable  only used in cell that produces it  only short term energy storage  carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ATP ADP + P work Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Adenosine DiPhosphate Adenosine TriPhosphate

12. Regents Biology A Body’s Energy Budget eat food synthesis (building) energy needed even at rest activity temperature control { growth reproduction repair { storage glycogen (animal starch) fat { ATP

13. Regents Biology What if oxygen is missing?  Can’t complete aerobic respiration  Fermentation (anaerobic respiration)  alcohol fermentation  yeast glucose  ATP + CO 2 + alcohol make beer, wine, bread  lactic acid fermentation  bacteria, animals glucose  ATP + lactic acid bacteria make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue O2O2 but only make a little bit of ATP!

14. Regents Biology Glycolysis p. 97  Cytoplasm  2ATP-activation energy  Glucose  2 pyruvic acids (pyruvates)  2 NAD  2NADH  4 ADP  4 ATP(substrate level phosphorylation)

15. Regents Biology Oxidation of pyruvic acid p. 98  Mitochondria  2 pyruvic acid  2 acetyl  2 NAD  2 NADH  2 CO 2 given off

16. Regents Biology Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) p.99  occurs in matrix  CoA ushers acetyl in  Acetyl joins with O acid to form citric acid  2 CO 2 are released  1 ATP made (substrate level phosphorylation)  3 NADH  1FADH 2  Turns twice

17. Regents Biology Electron Transport Chain p.100  Peter Mitchell Chemiosmosis  Proton Gradient  Oxidative phosphorylation  Occurs in cristae  NADH and FADH 2 drop off electrons  As electrons move down, protons are pumped into intermembrane space  Protons rush through ATP Synthase and make 36 ATP