1. Special Education Teacher Quality and Student Achievement Li Feng Tim R. Sass Dept. of Finance & Econ.Dept. of Economics Texas State UniversityFlorida State University

2. Achievement of Students with Disabilities Policy Relevance 14 percent of public school students have disabilities Achievement gap between students with disabilities and their typical peers widens as they move into higher grades 13 percent of schools that do not meet AYP standards fail solely because they have not achieved standards set for their students with disabilities

3. Teacher Quality and Student Achievement Growing Consensus that Teacher Quality is the Most Important School-based Determinant of Student Achievement Rockoff (2004) Rivkin, Hanushek and Kain (2005) If One Wants to Improve Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities, Teacher Quality is the Obvious Place to Start

4. Prior Related Literature Teacher Training and Student Achievement in the General Student Population Pre-service Training College Major/Coursework of Teachers  Betts, Zau and Rice (2003)  Aaronson, et al. (2007)  Harris and Sass (2008) Teach for America  Boyd, et al. (2006)  Kane, Rockoff and Staiger (2006)  Xu, Hannaway and Taylor (2008)

5. Prior Related Literature Teacher Training and Student Achievement in the General Student Population Pre-Service Training Other “Alternative Certification” Programs  Sass (2008)  Constantine, et al. (2009) Generally Find no Advantage for Education Majors/Traditionally Prepared Teachers in Promoting Student Achievement

6. Prior Related Literature Teacher Training and Student Achievement in the General Student Population In-Service Training Jacob and Lefgren (2004)  Exogenously imposed professional development had no significant effects on teacher effectiveness in math or reading Harris and Sass (2008)  Inconsistent evidence on effects of current and prior professional development course taking by teachers on student achievement

7. Prior Related Literature Special Education Programs and Student Achievement Hanushek, Kain and Rivkin (2002) Participation in special education programs boosts the achievement of students with disabilities in Texas Reynolds and Wolfe (1999) Children with learning disabilities benefit less from special education than do students with other disabilities Blackorby (2005) Disabled students who spend most of their day in a regular education classroom score higher on achievement tests than do students who receive instruction mainly in special education classrooms  May simply reflect student sorting across classroom types

8. Prior Related Literature Special Education Teacher Training and Classroom Practice Sindelar, Daunic and Reynolds (2004) Graduates of a traditional special education teacher preparation program scored higher on measures of classroom performance and principal ratings than teachers from alternative certification programs Nougaret, Scruggs and Mastropieri (2005) Traditionally licensed special education teachers better than emergency licensed teachers on several dimensions, including planning and preparation, classroom environment and instruction

9. Econometric Model and Estimation Strategies Standard “Gain Score” Value-Added Model with Student Covariates Standard “Gain Score” Value-Added Model with Student Fixed Effects

10. Econometric Model and Estimation Strategies Challenges for Value-Added Modeling of Students with Disabilities Determining Teacher(s) Responsible for Instruction Students may be taking both regular education and special education classes in a subject Students can have multiple regular-education-course teachers and multiple special-education-course teachers

11. Course Taking Patterns of Students with Disabilities in Math by Grade Level, 2004/05 – Percent by Category

12. Course Taking Patterns of Students with Disabilities in Reading by Grade Level, 2004/05 – Percent by Category

13. Econometric Model and Estimation Strategies Challenges for Value-Added Modeling of Students with Disabilities Course Selection is Endogenous Students with more significant disabilities more likely to be in special education courses  Combining students in different settings is problematic if student ability is not completely accounted for

14. Student Characteristics by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Achievement Level And Disability Type Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses ( Normed) Achievement -0.358-1.257-0.847 Speech/Lang. Dis. 0.3170.0270.042 Specific Learning Dis. 0.5210.5910.767 Intellectual Dis. 0.0150.1280.039 Physical Dis. 0.0190.0180.014 Emotional Dis. 0.0890.2030.096 Other Dis. 0.0390.0330.042

15. Econometric Model and Estimation Strategies To Address Dual Problems of Multiple Teachers and Endogenous Course Selection, Estimate Value-Added Models for Three Sub-samples of Students Students taking one or more regular education courses in subject from a single teacher and no special education courses Students taking one or more special education courses in subject from a single teacher and no regular education courses Students taking one or more regular education courses in subject from a single teacher and one or more special education courses in subject from a single teacher

16. Florida’s K-20 Education Data Warehouse Census of all students attending public schools in Florida, 1995/96 – 2004/05 Student records linked over time Includes student test scores and student demographic data, attendance, disciplinary actions and program participation Statewide testing began in 1999/2000 Includes all employee records including individual teacher characteristics and means of linking students and teachers to classrooms Includes undergraduate records of teachers who attended Florida public colleges and universities

17. Sample for Analysis All Students in Florida Receiving Exceptional Education Services (Other Than Gifted) With at Least One Achievement Gain Score Grades 4-10 Math and Reading FCAT-NRT Exam (Stanford Achievement Exam) 2000/01-2004/05 Sample restricted to: Students with at most one regular ed. and one special ed. instructor in subject Classes with a single “primary instructor”

18. Effects of Teacher Experience on Student Achievement Gains by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Experience Level Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher 1-2 Years 0.0268*** (5.34) 0.0323*** (2.71) 3-4 Years 0.0211*** (3.64) 0.0409*** (3.03) Special Ed. Teacher 1-2 Years 0.0132* (1.70) 0.0078 (0.66) 3-4 Years 0.0119 (1.28) -0.0009 (0.07)

19. Effects of Teacher Experience on Student Achievement Gains by Reading Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Experience Level Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher 1-2 Years 0.0260*** (4.25) -0.0011 (0.11) 3-4 Years 0.0177** (2.48) 0.0042 (0.36) Special Ed. Teacher 1-2 Years 0.0332*** (3.48) 0.0063 (0.60) 3-4 Years 0.0159 (1.43) -0.0041 (0.34)

20. Effects of Teacher Sp. Ed. PD on Student Achievement Gains by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Timing of Professional Development Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. Teacher - Year t -0.0000-0.0001 - Year t-1 -0.0002***0.0001 - Year t-2 -0.0001-0.0003 - Year t-3 0.00000.0002 Special Ed. Teacher - Year t -0.00000.0002 - Year t-1 0.0001 - Year t-2 -0.0002*0.0000 - Year t-3 0.0002*0.0000

21. Effects of Teacher Sp. Ed. PD on Student Achievement Gains by Reading Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Timing of Professional Development Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. Teacher - Year t -0.0001-0.0000 - Year t-1 -0.0001-0.0000 - Year t-2 -0.0001-0.0002 - Year t-3 0.0001-0.0002 Special Ed. Teacher - Year t 0.0001 0.0000 - Year t-1 0.0001 - Year t-2 -0.0003** 0.0002* - Year t-3 0.0000-0.0001

22. Effects of Teacher Adv. Degrees on Student Achievement Gains by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/TeacherOnly Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Advanced Degree 0.0048* (1.80) 0.0019 (0.32) Special Ed. Teacher Advanced Degree 0.0078* (1.73) 0.0142** (2.55)

23. Effects of Teacher Adv. Degrees on Student Achievement Gains by Reading Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/TeacherOnly Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Advanced Degree -0.0093*** (2.79) 0.0044 (0.85) Special Ed. Teacher Advanced Degree 0.0048 (0.87) 0.0023 (0.46)

24. Effects of Certification Status on Student Achievement Gains by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Certification Status Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Professional Cert. -0.0013 (0.29) 0.0054 (0.45) Sp. Ed. Cert. 0.0200*** (5.47) 0.0095 (1.01) Special Ed. Teacher Professional Cert. -0.0063 (0.83) 0.0189* (1.67) Sp. Ed. Cert. 0.0099 (1.17) -0.0024 (0.35)

25. Effects of Exc. Child Ed. Credits on Student Achievement Gains by Math Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/TeacherOnly Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Exceptional Child Ed. Credits 0.0033* (1.74) -0.0083 (1.18) Special Ed. Teacher Exceptional Child Ed. Credits 0.0031* (1.69) -0.0053 (1.57)

26. Effects of Certification Status on Student Achievement Gains by Reading Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/Teacher and Certification Status Only Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Professional Cert. 0.0110** (1.97) 0.0342*** (3.30) Sp. Ed. Cert. 0.0029 (0.59) -0.0073 (0.94) Special Ed. Teacher Professional Cert. 0.0110 (1.18) 0.0047 (0.47) Sp. Ed. Cert. 0.0202* (1.91) 0.0085 (1.41)

27. Effects of Exc. Child Ed. Credits on Student Achievement Gains by Reading Course Taking Pattern, 99/00-04/05 Course/TeacherOnly Reg. Ed. Courses Only Sp. Ed. Courses Reg. Ed. and Sp. Ed. Courses Regular Ed. Teacher Exceptional Child Ed. Credits 0.0023 (1.01) -0.0042 (0.77) Special Ed. Teacher Exceptional Child Ed. Credits 0.0029 (1.35) 0.0019 (0.61)

28. Summary of Findings Regular education teachers with special ed. certification have higher value-added than teachers without substantial special ed. training Attainment of advanced degrees associated with higher value-added in math Contrary to typical findings in general student population Pay off to teacher experience often different for special ed. teachers than for regular ed. teachers Lower in math, perhaps higher in reading No consistent evidence of any positive effects of in- service professional development

29. Next Steps Analyze impact of special ed. certified teachers on learning gains of non-disabled students Allow for differential effects across disability categories Increase sample to get more precise estimates of the effects of pre-service preparation Analyze effects of teacher quality on high school graduation, college attendance and employment