1. SEADMC 2009
Overview of Regional and International Disaster Management & Emergency Response Mechanisms
2 December 2009

2. Agenda Definitions The Dilemma Paradigms Where are we now?
Organizational
Sectoral
Functional
Where are we now?
Where are we going?

3. Definitions
Disaster Management – continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards
Emergency Response – mobilization of emergency response capabilities to address the needs of the affected population
Why concerns ourselves with disaster management & emergency response? The answers are pretty obvious.
Disasters are significant economic set-backs to a society and may result in significant loss of life and suffering.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits - more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries; and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries (Source: World Bank). Poorly planned development can turn a recurring natural phenomenon into a human and economic disaster.
As the Asia and Pacific regions annually contain about half of the world’s disasters, this topic is of some import. It is especially important since those 50% of the world’s disasters in the region result in 85% of the world’s causalities and damage (Source: Pacific Disaster Center).
Emergency Response – mobilization of emergency response capabilities to address the needs of the affected population. This involves local emergency response assets such as police, fire, local emergency services, and could include specialized capabilities such as search and rescue, humanitarian organizations and international responders.

4. Definitions Mechanism
A process, technique or system for achieving results
Captured in:
Plans
Guidelines
Procedures
There are internal & external mechanisms
Most of the internal mechanisms are well-developed
External mechanisms between systems are in various stages of development
A mechanism for the purposes of a discussion on disaster management and emergency response is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents (Source: Wikipedia [no additional source cited].)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition: A process, technique or system for achieving results.

5. The Dilemma Are we better prepared and more capable today?
To respond to another occurrence of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis?
To respond to a major disaster resulting from the explosion of Anak Krakatau volcano?

6. Paradigms Organizational: States (affected, assisting & transit)
Regional Organization(s)
Humanitarian
UN Agencies, Funds, & Programs
International Organizations (IOs)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement
Civil Society (local)

7. Paradigms Affected State ASEAN Multinational Coordination Center
Military
National Disaster Management Agency
OGAs
Assisting Nations (non-regional)
Multinational Coordination Center
UN Country Team
UNDAC / CMCoord
ASEAN
AHA Centre / SASOPs
Nations
International
Humanitarians
(Describe the international framework as it exists in nations of ASEAN)

8. Chinese Taipei Hong Kong Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
Paradigms
APEC
Chinese Taipei Hong Kong
Chile Mexico Peru
*6 Party Talks
FPDA in Red
BIMSTEC in Purple
MPAT Underlined
Mongolia E.Timor France
DPRK*
Papua New Guinea EU
Canada US* Russia*
SAARC
Cook Islands, FSM, Fiji, Kiribati, RMI, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Solomons, Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga, Vanuatu
Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
Australia
New Zealand
Maldives Bhutan Nepal
India
PIF
China* Japan*
South Korea*
APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (styled 'member economies') to cooperate on regional trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. APEC's objective is to enhance economic growth and prosperity in the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pacific community.
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include the acceleration of economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, the protection of the peace and stability of the region, and to provide opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.
BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member countries of this group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal. The aims and purposes is to create an enabling environment for rapid economic development, accelerate social progress in the sub-region, promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest, provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities, cooperate more effectively in joint efforts that are supportive of, and complementary to national development plans of member states, maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organizations, and cooperate in projects that can be dealt with most productively on a sub-regional basis and which make best use of available synergies. BIMSTEC was initiated with the goal to combine the 'Look West' policy of Thailand and ASEAN with the 'Look East' policy of India and South Asia. So it could be explained that BIMSTEC is a link between ASEAN and SARRC.
PIF: Pacific Islands Forum is an inter-governmental organization which aims to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean and represent their interests. Member states are: Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Since 2006, associate members territories are New Caledonia and French Polynesia.[1] Fiji was suspended on 2 May 2009.
MPAT: Multinational Planning Augmentation Team Program.
ASEAN Dialogue Partners
UK Italy
Germany
Cambodia
Laos
Myanmar
ASEAN Regional Forum
East Asia Summit
Brunei Indonesia
Malaysia Philippines
Singapore Thailand
Vietnam
ASEAN +3
ASEAN 8

9. Paradigms Functional Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster Response
International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction
Development Efforts
Disaster Response
Local Emergency Management (fire, police, emergency medical)
Lead Emergency Management Agency
International Search and Rescue
Humanitarian Relief Organizations

10. (Identify Needs and Available Capabilities & Resources)
Paradigms
Pre-event
Post-event
Disaster
Management
Needs
Assessments:
(Identify Needs and Available
Capabilities & Resources)
Needs Analysis:
Basic Needs
- Available Resources
Outstanding Requirements
Appeals
& RFAs:
Relief / Donor Action:
Aid / Resource Delivery
Information
Sharing
Crisis
Emergency
Response
Prevention/
Mitigation
Preparedness
Rehabilitation
/ Recovery
Information
Sharing
Disaster Management & Emergency Response are inseparable yet very distinct.
Disaster management encompasses is entire spectrum of actions:
Deliberate actions are focused to prevent undesirable events, mitigate the effects if they do occur, and also make preparations in the event disasters occur in the future.
Responding to a crisis resulting from a disaster is also a key part of disaster management but reacting to crises is much more expensive in the short & long-term than preventing & mitigating the effects of disasters.
After the crisis response is complete, recovery efforts may take a long time to restore livelihoods and repair and rebuild.
Planning for disasters should be very deliberate with steps take to reduce the impacts of disasters but this cannot occur when disaster strikes suddenly and lives are at risk. In these instances, responders must know how the crisis response system is organized, the role of the affected nations’ emergency management agency, how to cooperate with other responders such as the UN system, and how to coordinate amongst each other.
All this take skilled, trained, and knowledgeable personnel to do it correctly.
Unfortunately, crisis response is usually ad hoc and frequently impacted by those not well-trained in the mission.
Knowledge of the laws, rules, regulations and guidelines is lacking.
What laws, rules, regulations and guidelines exist often vary significantly between nations and organizations.
INFORMATION SHARING is essential to emergency response but there is no one in charge of information sharing. There is not even agreement on how to do it.

11. Paradigms Local / National Response International Civilian Relief
Need for Assistance
Local / National Response
International Military Relief
International Civilian Relief
Time
Emergency Relief Phase
“Transition”
Point
Rehabilitation / Reconstruction
Local / National Response
International Civilian Relief
International Governmental Relief

12. Civil-Military Domain Military-Military Domain
Paradigms
Civil-Civil Domain
Civil-Military Domain
Military-Military Domain
International-National (Strategic-Policy) Level or
Applicable To All Crises
Operational (Planner) Level
Natural Disaster Related
Local (Field-Tactical) Level
Complex Contingency Related

13. Paradigms
Sectoral
Cluster Approach – a mechanism that can help to address identified gaps in response and enhance the quality of humanitarian action
Globally: strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies by ensuring that there is predictable leadership and accountability in all the main sectors or areas of humanitarian response
Nationally: strengthen humanitarian response by demanding high standards of predictability, accountability and partnership in all sectors or areas of activity

14. Where are we now?
Given the various ways of approaching disaster management & emergency response, organizational adjustments, promulgations of guidelines and mechanisms, activities and supporting efforts, are we better prepared?

15. Disaster Relief SOP Matrix (draft as of: 22 March 2009)
Inclusive (applicable to all)
UN-specific
Humanitarian Community
Civil-Military
Military SOPs
Inter-governmental
Technical / Other Guidance / SOPs
Over-arching
Guidelines for the Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance (IFRC)
Basic Guidelines
UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 of 19 Dec 1991
Sphere Handbook: Minimum Standards in Disaster Response
UN CMCoord Concept
DPKO Civ-Mil Coordination Policy
Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs)
International Search and Rescue Response Manual (INSARAG Guidelines)
Tampere Convention
Operational Guidance on Designating Sector/Cluster Leads in Ongoing Emergencies
Use of Military or Armed Escorts for Humanitarian Convoys
MPAT Program Multinational Force SOPs
(MNF SOP)
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management & Emergency Response
Management of Dead Bodies in Disaster Situations (PAHO/WHO, undergoing revision)
Code of Conduct for Red Cross / Red Crescent & NGOs
Suggested Guidance for Implementing InterAction’s Minimum Operating Security Standards
Use of Military & Civil Defense Assets in Intl Disaster Relief (Oslo Guidelines)
NATO Handbook
ARF Statement on Disaster Management & Emergency Response
Management of Dead bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders (WHO/PAHO)
Natural Disasters
WHO-PAHO Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Field Hospitals in the Aftermath of Sudden-Impact Disasters
ARF Strategic Guidelines for HADR
IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters; IASC Guidance Note on the Cluster Approach
ASEAN SASOP
Charter On Cooperation To Achieve The Coordinated Use Of Space Facilities In The Event Of Natural Or Technological Disasters
Complex Contin-gencies
UN in Iraq (08 MAY 03)
Manual on Humanitarian Negotiations with Armed Groups
Civil-Military Relationship in Complex Emergencies (IASC Ref Paper)
DFID “How to Note” on Country Governance Analysis
UN in Afghanistan
Operational Protection in Camps and Settlements
Guidelines on
the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets To Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies
A Guide to the International Mine Action Standard
UN in Liberia
Guidelines for Relations between US Armed Forces and Nongovernmental Humanitarian Organizations (NGHOs)

16. Framework for Disaster Management and Emergency Response
Aus-Indonesia
APEC Proposal
ARF
PACOM & MPAT
TSD & OCHA
ASEAN
AHA Centre 
July 05
AADMER
SASOPS 
ARDEX Series 
ARF
Workplan?
ARF VDR ?
ARF General Guidelines
09 Dec 08 &
10-11 Dec 08
ARF Shepherds
& ARF ISM DR
Banda Aceh
July 06
ARF Statement
DM&ER
02 Aug 07
14th ARF
May 08
ARF DR TTX
24 July 08
15th ARF
Dec 04
Tsunami
ARF HADR SOP  ARF Strat Guidelines
ARF Stby
Arrangements ?
30-31 Oct 07 
UN OCHA
APC-MADRO
27 June 08
TSD Joint
Statement
05-06 Nov 08
UN OCHA
APC-MADRO
02-03 Dec 08
TSD DR
Experts Mtg
UN Regional DR
Guidelines
Development
Regional CONOPS
Development
MNF SOP 
AFP-US HADR CONOPS 
MPAT 
TE Series
11-13 Dec 07
AUS-US HADR
Logistics Mtg
15-17 Jul 08
AUS-US HADR
Logistics Mtg
11-12 Sep 08
SAMAHAN TTX
Mar/ Apr 09
MPAT TE-16
HADR CONOPS Testing
UN CMCoord
Training
Program
Nov 08 Cambodia
Strategic Capacity Bldg

17. Mechanism Affected State Mechanisms Assisting Non States ASEAN
Humanitarian
Community
Mechanisms
Bilateral HA/DR CONOPS
MNF SOP
Cluster Approach
SASOP

18. Scenario Response System
Humanitarian
Community
How does everyone know?
ASEAN
Affected
State
Assisting
States
Non
ASEAN

19. Where are we going?
What will the future of disaster management and emergency response be?
Will we continue down the current path of incremental improvements?
Will there be a move toward greater cohesion?
Will there be a paradigm shift?

20. Where are we going?
What will the future of disaster management and emergency response be?
How will the role of major actors and stakeholders change (i.e., governments, humanitarians, regional and international organizations)?
Who will be in charge?

21. Discussion