1. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Challenges to Migration Policies in Belarus Yaraslau Kryvoi, LLM http://kryvoi.net

2. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Introduction to Belarus Location and Borders: neighbours - EU states (Poland, Lithuania and Latvia), Russia and Ukraine Economic and Political Context: the Only European State which is not a Member of Council of Europe Political Leadership and External Relations: between Russia and EU

3. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 The System of Treating Migrants 1. Applications are accepted 2. The central migration authorities make a status determination using information provided by the regional migration service 3. Time limit for consideration of applications – 6 months 4. Refugee status is granted for an indefinite time, until fundamental changes occur in the country of origin

4. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Statistics on migrants in Belarus in August 2005 Country of OriginAsylum status granted Afghanistan548 Georgia (Abkhasia)120 Tajikistan32 Azerbaijan29 Ethiopia23 Palestine9 Other12 Total773

5. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Dynamics of Migration Around 3000 potential refugees are awaiting consideration of their cases Transit migrants – estimated 30-40 thousand people per year Once Illegal immigrants are caught they are put on a train back to Russia, but very often they return through transparent Belarus- Russia border

6. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Belarusian Migrants The largest group - work migrants to Russia, particularly Moscow (tens of thousands annually) Work migrants to the EU, US and Canada (thousands annually) Political refugees (hundreds or thousands annually)

7. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Challenges to migration policies and practices Bureaucratic barriers - residence permits - no possibilities to work legally Financial Constraints - lack of money for deportation - lack of money for proper temporary camps Lack of regional cooperation - no readmission agreements with the main transit countries - Russia and Ukraine - lack of EU-Belarus cross border cooperation

8. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Political Complications The Belarusian President plays migration card Poor record of Belarusian authorities, especially in the field of human rights Western aid for border protection goes to Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, with Belarus forced to bear the brunt of illegal immigration on its own

9. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 Conclusions The consequences and costs for Belarus to be on the external border of the EU and at borders with Russia and Ukraine Belarus and the EU cooperation on the border protection, illegal migration and European Neighborhood Policy conditions for migrants and refugees in Belarus

10. Workshop on Developments and Patterns of Migration in Central Eastern Europe - Prague, 2005 What is needed? Without greater political will, cross-border cooperation and foreign assistance - unlikely to be forthcoming from an international community concerned by human rights abuses in Belarus - the illegal immigration will remain a serious problem for both Belarus and its neighbours and may have negative implications for the enlarged European Union