1. The Australian Seafood Diet for Intergenerational Health: Development of a healthy high Australian seafood diet that will be acceptable to women of child-bearing age Student: Lily Chan Principal Investigator: Lynne Cobiac Co-Investigator: Jocelyn Midgley Michelle Miller Campbell Thompson Collaborator: Robert Gibson Theme: SellfishTheme Leader: Jayne Gallagher

2. Overview Background Objectives Methodology and Timeline Project Summary

3. Background Mix messages around fish consumption Good for you and baby vs Potential contaminants (Fish = Finfish and shellfish, processed and unprocessed)

4. Background (Pros) Fish Good source of macro and micronutrients  In particular high-quality protein, EPA, DHA, selenium, iodine  Generally lower in saturated fat

5. Background (Pros) Fish consumption Reduced risk of total mortality, coronary heart disease mortality and stroke  1-2 servings of fish/week reduces coronary death by 36% total mortality by 17% (Mozaffarian & Rimm 2006)

6. Background (Pros) Higher fish/fish oil intake during pregnancy was associated with Longer gestation duration  Increased length of pregnancy by 2-3 days (Makrides et al 2006) Better early child development  Cognition, behaviour, motor skills (Hibbeln et al 2007; Oken et al 2008)

7. Background (Cons) Potential contaminants in fish: Methylmercury Dioxins, dioxin-like compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) Others (microbiological hazards, naturally occurring toxins, antimicrobials, allergens)

8. Background Food Standard Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) advice on SAFE consumption of fish: Pregnant women or women planning pregnancy: 2 to 3 serves/week of any fish or seafood except Orange roughy or catfish (limit to 1 serve/week and no other fish that week) Shark or Billfish (limit to 1 serve/fortnight and no other fish that fortnight) (1 serve = 150g)

9. Background Recommended dietary DHA intake for pregnant and lactating women: At least 200mg/day Can be achieved by consuming one to two portions of fish per week, including oily fish (European Commission consensus statement, Koletzko et al 2007)

10. Background Women 19-44 years (1995 National Nutrition Survey) Average intake of Fish and seafood products & dishes = 21.2g per day (McLennan W & Podger 1999) Total long-chain n3-fatty acids = 195mg per day (EPA:60mg DPA:52mg DHA:83mg) (Howe et al 2006)

11. Objectives To formulate a healthy Australian seafood dietary pattern to achieve effective levels of n-3 fatty acids whilst maintaining low levels of contaminants in women of child-bearing age

12. Methodology Phase One: Determining compositional profiles of fish (nutrients & contaminants) Identify and collate existing fish composition data applicable to the Australian environment Conduct analyses

13. Methodology Phase Two: Computer dietary modelling Using a variety of unprocessed and processed fish products, formulate a diet that will Achieve desirable levels of n-3 fatty acids and other nutrients needed for pregnancy Maintaining low levels of contaminants “Seafood Diet”

14. Methodology Phase Three: Human Intervention Study Randomised cross-over trial involving women of child-bearing age Compare Seafood diet (high n-3 fatty acids/DHA) with a diet low in n-3 fatty acids/DHA

15. Methodology Phase Three: Human Intervention Study Outcomes assessed:  Fish, n-3 fatty acids/DHA intakes; estimated exposures to mercury & PCBs  Fatty acids in red blood cells; Serum/plasma mercury, PCBs  Cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipid profile)  Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, TGF-β, cytokines)  Acceptability of diet

16. Methodology Phase Four: Revisit diet model Explore interactions with other dietary components e.g. selenium, dietary fibre

18. Project Summary Formulation of a diet high in fish/seafood, that will Achieve optimal levels of n-3 fatty acids/DHA as well as other nutrients Maintain low levels of contaminants and Acceptable to women of child-bearing age

19. AND Clear Water Marine Farms, Marine Scale Pilchard Fishermen’s Association and Southland Fish Supplies “ This work formed part of a project of the Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, and received funds from the Australian Government’s CRCs Programme, the Fisheries R&D Corporation and other CRC Participants”.

20. Thank you!

21. References Hibbeln et al (2007), Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study, The Lancet, Vol 369, pp578-585. Howe P, Meyer B, Record S, Baghurst K. Dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: contribution of meat sources. Nutrition 2006; 22:47-53. Koletzko et al (2007), Consensus Statement Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women, British Journal of Nutrition, Vol 98, pp.873-877. McLennan W & Podger A (1999) National Nutrition Survey – Foods Eaten, Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care Makrides M, Duley L, Olsen SF. Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003402. Mozaffarian & Rimm (2006) ‘Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health’, JAMA Vol 296 No.15 pp1885-1899. Oken et al (2008), ‘Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 88, pp.789-796.