1. Financial Accounting & Threshold Concepts: Ignoring Articulation in Favor of the Bottom Line Kim Lyons UW-La Crosse Special thanks to OPID and the UW-La Crosse Provost’s office for their support of this project

2. Threshold Concepts “A threshold concept can be considered as akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something. It represents a transformed way of understanding, or interpreting, or viewing something without which the learner cannot progress.” Meyer, J. & Land, R. (2006). Overcoming Barriers to Student Understanding: Threshold Concepts and Troublesome Knowledge. New York: Routledge.

3. The Greater Threshold for Accounting Students Moving from Memorized rules, content, and processes To Understanding the interrelatedness and impact of reporting alternatives

4. In the first few weeks of an Accounting Principles I course students learn The accounting equation and components of financial statements Financial statements are connected or “articulated” Key figures in one financial statement are affected by changes in another Financial information should be viewed in relative terms Basic Model: Articulation

5. Research Questions As students move through the financial accounting course sequence, are they better able to Identify the accounting equation Identify as true a conceptual description of the accounting equation Apply the threshold concept by recognizing changes in income relative to the accounting equation

6. Research Design Using 5 multiple choice questions, I asked a cross-section of Principles I (N = 106), Intermediate I (N = 44), and Advanced (N = 44) Financial Accounting students to: (1) Identify the accounting equation (2) Identify a conceptual description of the accounting equation as a true statement among alternatives (3-5) Apply the threshold concept to choose between two companies for investment (3-5) Explain the reasoning behind their investment choices

7. What I Expected Improved ability to identify, describe, and apply the model at higher levels of the financial course sequence Smaller numbers of students in higher level courses making less optimal choices for the same reasons as students in lower level courses

8. Question Design Concept questions included the following

9. Question Design

10. Application questions were constructed to include an optimal answer choice when the data was viewed in context Open-ended explanations were coded to reveal thought processes separately from answer choices (0) Unrelated reasoning (1) Application of the threshold concept (2) Focused or narrow thinking (net income, assets, liabilities, equity, company size, or cash)

11. Analysis and Results Statistical analysis revealed Ability to apply the model at higher levels of the financial course sequence improved Making the optimal choice was not independent of reasoning on all three questions for all three groups Students who exhibited poor reasoning were clustered into groups, but not as expected

12. Significant Differences in Reasoning Principles I to Intermediate Principles students focus on net income and assets Intermediate students focus on debt

13. Significant Differences in Reasoning Intermediate to Advanced Intermediate students focus on equity and company size Advanced students focus on debt

14. Conceptual Questions Question 1: Correctly identify the accounting equation ACC221 (N = 106)96% ACC321 (N = 44)95% ACC421 (N = 44)95% Question 2: Conceptual description of the accounting equation ACC221 (N = 106)9% ACC321 (N = 44)57% ACC421 (N = 44)57% Advanced students were no more likely than intermediate students to identify the conceptual description These results imply that students at higher levels are applying concepts more appropriately, even while they may not understand the model they are using The conceptual definition is counterintuitive or confusing