1. Welcome to this IRSC Adult Education Elluminate Session Diana Lenartiene, Ed. S. moderator/instructor

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7. Cause and Effect

8. Cause: happens first The reason, or motive, for an action; why something happens. It was raining… Effect: happens after a cause The result, or consequence, of an action. …so I got wet.

9. To find cause and effect, we can use some signal words which let us know that a cause or an effect are coming up in the passage. We will look at a list of these words on the next slide..

10. Cause Because The reason for On account of Bring about Give rise to Created by Contributed to Led to Due to Since Can Effect As a result Then Hence For this reason Therefore Outcome So Consequently Finally After

11. Please get a pen or pencil and some paper to record your answers as we practice on the next few slides.

12. Have you ever thought about what makes a volcano erupt or what happens afterward? The book Danger! Volcanoes by Seymour Simon describes many cause-and-effect relationships. When the temperature rises deep under the Earth’s crust, it becomes hot enough to melt rock and turn it into magma. Sometimes this melted rock blasts through the Earth’s surface, which causes rock, ash, and deadly gases to fly into the air. The lava that flows out of the volcano can knock down trees and destroy houses and even whole towns. Although volcanoes can cause lots of destruction, the volcano’s eruption also creates new land. Many times this new land forms an island in the ocean. You might even live on land created by a volcano!

13. Have you ever thought about what makes a volcano erupt or what happens afterward? The book Danger! Volcanoes by Seymour Simon describes many cause-and-effect relationships. When the temperature rises deep under the Earth’s crust, it becomes hot enough to melt rock and turn it into magma. Sometimes this melted rock blasts through the Earth’s surface, which causes rock, ash, and deadly gases to fly into the air. The lava that flows out of the volcano can knock down trees and destroy houses and even whole towns. Although volcanoes can cause lots of destruction, the volcano’s eruption also creates new land. Many times this new land forms an island in the ocean. You might even live on land created by a volcano!

14. Cause(s)Effect(s) Now make yourself a chart on your paper with a column for cause and A column for effect and get ready to work on the same story again. We will list the causes and effects we find in the story about volcanoes.

15. Have you ever thought about what makes a volcano erupt or what happens afterward? The book Danger! Volcanoes by Seymour Simon describes many cause-and-effect relationships. When the temperature rises deep under the Earth’s crust, it becomes hot enough to melt rock and turn it into magma. Sometimes this melted rock blasts through the Earth’s surface, which causes rock, ash, and deadly gases to fly into the air. The lava that flows out of the volcano can knock down trees and destroy houses and even whole towns. Although volcanoes can cause lots of destruction, the volcano’s eruption also creates new land. Many times this new land forms an island in the ocean. You might even live on land created by a volcano!

16. Have you ever thought about what makes a volcano erupt or what happens afterward? The book Danger! Volcanoes by Seymour Simon describes many cause-and-effect relationships. When the temperature rises deep under the Earth’s crust, it becomes hot enough to melt rock and turn it into magma. Sometimes this melted rock blasts through the Earth’s surface, which causes rock, ash, and deadly gases to fly into the air. The lava that flows out of the volcano can knock down trees and destroy houses and even whole towns. Although volcanoes can cause lots of destruction, the volcano’s eruption also creates new land. Many times this new land forms an island in the ocean. You might even live on land created by a volcano!

17. Cause(s)Effect(s) Temperature risesRock melts and turns to magma Melted rock blasts through the Earth’s surface Ash, rocks and deadly gases fly into the air Lava flows out of the volcanoKnock down trees, houses and even towns VolcanoesLots of destruction Volcano’s eruptionCreates new land causes and effects we found in the story about volcanoes.

18. 1. As a child, I had many pets, including cats, dogs, birds, and gerbils. Every summer, I also used to watch over my neighbors’ pets when they went on vacation. As a result, it felt natural for me to become a veterinarian. Cause(s): Effect(s): 2. Because I spent the evening watching television, I never got my math homework done. The next day, my math teacher called on me and the entire class saw that I wasn’t able to answer the question. I was so embarrassed; I never forgot to do my homework again! Cause(s): Effect(s):

19. 1. As a child, I had many pets, including cats, dogs, birds, and gerbils. Every summer, I also used to watch over my neighbors’ pets when they went on vacation. As a result, it felt natural for me to become a veterinarian. Cause(s): I had many pets I watched my neighbors’ pets when they were on vacation Effect(s): It felt natural for me to become a veterinarian 2. Because I spent the evening watching television, I never got my math homework done. The next day, my math teacher called on me and the entire class saw that I wasn’t able to answer the question. I was so embarrassed; I never forgot to do my homework again! Cause(s): Spent the evening watching television Effect(s): Did not do math homework wasn’t able to answer the question was embarrassed

20. Type 1:One to one connection Max hit the window with the bat, and it broke. Max hits windowWindow breaks Type 2: Chained cause and effects ‘When people cut down trees to clear land, they destroy the habitats of birds. This reduces the number of nest sites. As a result, fewer baby birds are hatched, and the bird population declines.’ People cut down trees to clear land The habitats of birds are destroyed The number of nest sites is reduced

21. Type 3: Multiple effects A delay in billions of dollars of supplemental war funding for the Pentagon would cause the Army to curtail training and equipment repair necessary to prepare units in the United States for deployment. If the new funds did not arrive in time, the Army would prioritize spending in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere and cut back in other areas, officials said. Next, the Army would request the authority to shift money from its personnel accounts to pay for operations. The construction and upgrading of barracks, fitness centers and other facilities would also be affected, Pentagon spokesman Bryan Whitman said, (Tyson, 2007). Delay in war funding Curtails training and equipment repair Makes personnel account pay for the Army operations H Hampers construction and upgrading of barracks

22. Type 4: Multiple (catenated) causes Combustion requires heat, oxygen, and a fuel source. To put out a fire,it is sufficient to remove any one of the three. Oxygen Fuel HeatFire Type 5: Multiple (alternative) causes ‘The surface of the Earth changes. Some changes are due to slow destructive processes such as erosion and weathering. Some changes are due to rapid constructive and destructive processes such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. These changes all affect topography of the Earth’s surface.’ Landslides Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes Erosions & weathering The surface of the Earth changes

23. Cause is something which makes an event happen Effect is what happens due to the cause Signal words can let us know there is a cause or effect coming in the passage. If you have questions, please raise your hand!

24. Thank you for viewing this presentation. Diana Lenartiene, IRSC ABE Instructor If you still have questions, please contact me at: dlenarti@irsc.edu