1. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) Biological Science 2 2012

2. ART strategies Artificial insemination (AI) In vitro fertilisation (IVF) Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ISCI) Pre implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Donor gametes (sperm and/or ova) Surrogacy

3. Artificial insemination Usually used in conjunction with donor sperm Sperm is inserted directly into the uterus

4. In vitro fertilisation Useful for: –Women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes –Couples requiring donor ova –Cases of male infertility due to low sperm count or poor motility

6. Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection Used in cases of abnormal sperm in conjunction with IVF Ova are collected A single sperm cell is injected into the ovum, fertilising it

8. Pre implantation genetic diagnosis Carried out in conjunction with IVF Following fertilisation, the zygote is grown for several days At the 8-16 cell stage, 1 cell is carefully harvested & genetic analysis is carried out Only healthy zygotes are transferred into the mother

10. Donor gametes Used in cases where either parent is unable to produce normal gametes or when they know that they carry a genetic disease Donor eggs requires the use of hormones to cause superovulation & minor surgery to collect the eggs

11. Surrogacy A second female carries the pregnancy to term for a couple, generally carried out in conjunction with IVF Suitable for women who are infertile following a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), uterine abnormalities, or who are unable to undergo a pregnancy due to serious health reasons (also used by gay couples) In Australia: –Paid surrogacy is illegal –The woman who gives birth is the legal mother- the first woman must then adopt the child

12. Questions 1. It is possible for 5 people to contribute to the birth of a child- an infertile couple (the parents), a sperm donor, an egg donor, and a surrogate. What are the rights of each of these people? What are the rights of the resultant child? 2. What financial incentives should there be for gamete donors or surrogates?