1. Types, Sources and Collection of data

2. Types of Data 1) Primary and Secondary 2) Numerical and Categorical 3) Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio 4) Cross-sectional, Temporal and Spatial

3. Primary and Secondary Data Primary data is collected specifically for some specific purpose or study It may be collected by methods such as personal investigation or/and questionnaires Questionnaire is either filled up by an investigator based on the information given by the respondent or by the respondent himself/herself Secondary Data is the data disseminated through some media like reports, newspapers, hand books, magazines, websites etc. The ultimate source of any secondary data has to be primary data collected by some one. Ex. The data relating to banking of India is collected by the Reserve Bank of India, and so it is primary data for the Reserve Bank. However, same data when published in the Reserve Bank publications becomes secondary for the person or organization who uses that data.

4. Numerical and Categorical Data Such Classification is based on the type of a random variable: There are two types of random variables that yield the observed outcomes or data. 1) Categorical or Qualitative : e.g. Yes or No, Male or Female 2) Numerical or Quantitative: Heights of individuals, income of individuals, marks obtained by students There are two types of numerical variables viz: continuous and discrete

5. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio Data Such classification is based on measurement and types of measurement scales Such classification is based on measurement and types of measurement scales There are four levels or types of measurement scales Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio There are four levels or types of measurement scales Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio Nominal: The data on a nominal scale is of a particular type that can be classified into categories or groups and given labels to describe them. Nominal: The data on a nominal scale is of a particular type that can be classified into categories or groups and given labels to describe them. The Nominal scale involves classification of data into various categories such as “Yes” or “No”, “Pass” or “Fail” The Nominal scale involves classification of data into various categories such as “Yes” or “No”, “Pass” or “Fail” Types of population group viz. metropolitan, Urban, Semi-urban etc. Types of population group viz. metropolitan, Urban, Semi-urban etc.

6. Ordinal : ordinal data is essentially the same as nominal data, except that there is now an order within the groups into which the data is classified. Some groups are: Ratings of hotels, restaurants and movies We can say a five-star hotel is better than a 4 star hotel, but we can not say that a 4 star hotel is twice as good as a two-star hotel. Class of travel in a train or an aeroplane Grades of students in class

7. Interval: Interval data is quantitative data that can be measured on a numerical scale. However zero point does not mean the absence of something ex. Temperature, time, longitude and latitude etc. Interval: Interval data is quantitative data that can be measured on a numerical scale. However zero point does not mean the absence of something ex. Temperature, time, longitude and latitude etc. : Ratio is also quantitative data that can be measured on a numerical scale but, here the zero point does not mean the absence of what is being measured Ratio: Ratio is also quantitative data that can be measured on a numerical scale but, here the zero point does not mean the absence of what is being measured Ex. Heights, weights, life, length, sales, revenues Ex. Heights, weights, life, length, sales, revenues

8. Cross-sectional, Temporal and Spatial data Cross section or cross-sectional data comprises values of a variable recorded over at the same point or period of time for many individuals, organizations, places etc. Cross section or cross-sectional data comprises values of a variable recorded over at the same point or period of time for many individuals, organizations, places etc. Ex. Stock prices of Infosys Technologies, TCS and Wipro on 31 st March 2007. Ex. Stock prices of Infosys Technologies, TCS and Wipro on 31 st March 2007. Total business of the ICICI Bank as the end of the last five years Total business of the ICICI Bank as the end of the last five years Income tax collection from various states of India Income tax collection from various states of India

9. Collection of Primary Data Primary data is collected by an individual, an organization, or an agency for a specific purpose. Primary data is collected by an individual, an organization, or an agency for a specific purpose. It is collected either through personal investigation or through a questionnaire It is collected either through personal investigation or through a questionnaire The questionnaire can be filled either by the investigator or by the respondent The questionnaire can be filled either by the investigator or by the respondent

10. Sources of Secondary Data The most common sources for secondary data are- Publications brought out by Government of India, statutory bodies like Reserve bank of India (RBI), All-India Association of Industries (AIAI), National Association of software and Service Companies etc. (NASSCOM)

11. Some of the Important Website S.N.NameSite AddressDescription 1Reserve Bank of Indiawww.rbi.org.inEconomic data, Banking Data 2Securities Exchange Board of India www.sebi.gov.inData relating to stocks / shares 3National stock Exchangewww.nseindia.comData relating to stocks / shares 4Finance Ministrywww.finmin.nic.inEconomic Data / Publications 5Glossary of Statisticswww.wikipedia.comDefinitions and Brief Details 6Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry http://www.ficci.comCommerce and Economic data 7World Bankwww.worldbank.orgData 8World Health Organizationwww.who.int/topics/en www.who.int/publications/en Data 9Indian Statistical Institutewww.isical.ac.in/libraryWeb library 10Indian info linehttp://www.indianinfoline.comInformatin on stocks and other financial services 11National Informatics Centre, India http://www.nic.inIndian Data 12Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy www.cmie.comIndustry Analysis Service, Products