1. Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865 Chapter 20

2. Menace of Secession Lincoln “No conflict unless the South provokes it” “Physically speaking, we cannot separate” Debt New Territories North Offensive South Defensive

3. Fort Sumter = South Carolina April 12, 1861 Lincoln’s inauguration = only 2 significant forts in South remained in Union hands Fort Sumter --- Charleston Harbor Fewer than 100 men Decided to neither abandon nor reinforce oOnly send in food Fall of Fort Sumter united the North Lincoln called for volunteer troops o75,000 militia oResponse overwhelming

5. Border Blood Richmond, Virginia = Capital Boarder States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, & W. Virginia Lincoln = Publicly announced not fighting to free blacks Save the Union at all costs 5 Civilized Tribes = Sided with Confederacy Plain Indians = Union Brothers War

7. Balance of forces Union and Confederacy were unevenly matched Union More people = 22 million More factories Greater food production More extensive railroad system = ¾ Economy = Greatest strength = ¾ nations wealth Controlled Sea = Blockade Confederacy “King Cotton” First-rate Generals Calvary / Foot soldiers Motivated Soldiers Economy = Greatest weakness

8. King Cotton British depended on South 75% of cotton supplies 1857 – 1860 Enormous exports of cotton = surplus in British warehouses Pinch did not come until mid war Americans sent over cargoes of food North captured / bought supplies of cotton and sent to Britain War Industries = relieved unemployment King Wheat – King Corn Reaper North – export huge quantities of grain

9. Decisiveness of Diplomacy Trent Affair = 1861 British mail steamer stopped Removed 2 Confederate diplomats bound for Europe Reluctantly released Britain = Chief naval base of Confederacy Alabama Confederate commerce-raiders “British Pirate” Captures 60 Yankee Ships Laird Rams = 2 Metal ships Not released by Brits

10. Limitation on Wartime Liberties Neither side was completely unified North = Harbored thousands of Confederate sympathizers South = Had thousands of Union sympathizers Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and dissent Suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus Holds citizens without formally charging them with crimes Jefferson Davis also adopted practice Neither followed Constitution

11. Volunteers and Draftees 1863 = Conscription Draft – forced men to serve in the army North = Led to draft riots New York Pay your way out = $300 “Three-hundred dollars or you life” 90% of Union Troops were volunteers Bounties for enlistments = $1,000 Bounty Brokers Deserters

12. Cont. South “Cradle and Grave” Rich man could hire a sub = purchase exemption Slave owners = 20+ = exemption “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Conscription Agents Sharp shooting mountain whites = Traitors “Yankee lovers”

13. Economic Stress North Excise Tax Tobacco and Alcohol Income Tax Morrill Tariff Act 5 to 10% higher Greenbacks Inadequately supported by gold Value dropped = inflation Bonds National Banking system= 1863 Bonds Standard bank-note currency South Increased taxes Print blue backed paper money Runaway inflation

14. North’s Economic Boom North prospers during war Manufacturers / Businessmen Millionaire class Laborsaving machinery Sewing machine Sizes Mechanical reapers Petroleum “Fifty-Niners” = Pennsylvania “Coal Oil Johnnies” Homestead Act of 1862 Women’s war Industrial employment U.S. Sanitary Commission Trained nurses Clara Barton = Red Cross Dorothea Dix

15. Crushed Cotton Kingdom South Fought to the point of exhaustion Squeezed the average income Transportation collapsed Economic cannibalism Resourcefulness / Spirit “Northern Captains of Industry conquered the Southern Lords of the Manor”