1. 1 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Electrical Engineering Department EE571-Digital Communications I forward-looking and higher-risks research By Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

2. 2 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Topics Definition Advantageous CRITICALITIES Applications Prototypes UWB Coexistence Issues Multiple Access UWB Communication Research Areas in UWB Communication Research groups & Companies

3. 3 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel UWB : the use of extremely short pulses instead of continuous waves to transmit information. The pulse directly generates a very wide instantaneous bandwidth signal according to the time-scaling properties of the Fourier transform relationship between time and frequency. UWB is an “old” technology with the potential to significantly impact the traditional way of managing the spectrum What is UWB ?

4. 4 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel SIGNAL STRENGTHAT DISTANCE R FREQUENCY (F) 1/F < 1% 25% to >100% NARROWBAND UWB/NARROWBAND DISCRIMINATION: Power Spectral Density rule of thumb: RF bandwidth/centre frequency 25% near to far from/near to sinusoidal signal type negligible considerable/negligible difference in link attenuation at lower/upper frequency transient nature

5. 5 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Wireless Bandwidth in the Making “An intriguing alternative which may eventually become practical, and even legal, for short-range communication between static terminals is ultra-wideband impulse radio.” “In fact, the principle of impulse radio is firmly grounded in information theory: maximum power efficiency is achieved by pulse- position modulation in an infinite bandwidth channel” “although the whole band occupied by the transmission, say, from DC to a few gigahertz is “owned” by other systems, much of it is unused at any given time. Thus, reasonable receiver sensitivity can indeed be achieved with very low transmitted power” Sergio Verdu

6. 6 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Historical Perspective on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Today ’ s Environment Scarcity of available spectrum for new applications Proliferation of digital consumer electronics devices Advances in microprocessor power Numerous improvements in process technology (such as SiGe, CMOS and GaAs) UWB Revolution By 2000 Large companies had applied UWB to networking applications UWB meets requirements for high throughput applications Recycles scarce spectrum History <1900 Hertz generated pulsed spark discharge In 1940 ’ s used for radar In 1970 ’ s matured as solution for covert military communications In 1990 ’ s developed for location and positioning applications

7. 7 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel SUMMARY spectrum efficiency (bits/Hz/s) (system feature) flexible resource allocation (user, geographically, spectrally) versatility (comms, sensing, positioning...) wide area/global coverage service integration Less coding/diversity requirements Advantages for: Comparison between NB & UWB Narrowband UWB Narrowband UWB

8. 8 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel New technology New technology: considerable development potential. Nearly "all-digital" Nearly "all-digital", with minimal RF electronics. minimal interference to proximitysystems minimal RF health hazards hardly interceptible. An LPD signature produces minimal interference to proximity systems, minimal RF health hazards and is hardly interceptible. high data ratemulti-user network Extremely high data rate performance in multi-user network applications. very fine range resolutionprecision distance Can provide very fine range resolution and precision distance and/or positioning measurement capabilities. immune to multipath Relativity immune to multipath cancellation effects as observed in mobile and in-building environments. Low Power Consumption Low Power Consumption Promised!: UWB System Advantages

9. 9 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Coexistence (FCC) Multi-user capability Real world performance Implementation complexity Cost and competitiveness Connectivity with narrowband systems UWB CRITICALITIES NORMAL mobile A mobile B mobile C Interference level Do many UWB devices operating within a small area cause serious interference to existing licensed services ?

10. 10 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Wide agreement that this technology is very promising, there is a very broad applications range Strong concern to allow the UWB devices operate below 2 GHz or even below 3 GHz. 1.they should be licensed ! 2.This technology should not use (re-use the paid spectrum by others) the spectrum for free ! 3.This technology is still immature and we don ’ t know what the interference problems may rise 4.Extend the period of time to complete the interference tests Co-existence Issue: Reply Comments

11. 11 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Digital Video Networks Short range radios High Speed (tens Mb/s) WLANs, microphones, etc. Precision Geo-location Systems Industrial RF Monitoring Systems Collision Avoidance Sensors Motion and Intrusion Detection Radar Automobile and aircraft proximity radar, including precision automatic landing Subsurface in-ground penetration radar Some UWB Applications

12. 12 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Prototypes Time Domain has built several prototypes including the following: The radio has been tested to beyond 16 kilometers (10 miles).A full duplex 1.3 GHz system with an average output power of 250 microWatts, and a variable data rate of either 39 kbps or 156 kbps. The radio has been tested to beyond 16 kilometers (10 miles). measuring the distance between radios with an accuracy of 3 cm (0.1 ft).A full duplex 1.7 GHz walkie-talkie with an average output power of 2 milliWatts, a data rate of 32 kbps and a range of 900 meters. The unit was also capable of measuring the distance between radios with an accuracy of 3 cm (0.1 ft). 50 microWatts5 Mbps(BER) of 0 two walls inside an office building.A simplex 2.0 GHz data link with an effective average output power of 50 microWatts, a data rate of 5 Mbps at bit error rate (BER) of 0 with no forward error correction (FEC) and a range of 10 meters (32 ft) through two walls inside an office building.

13. 13 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Received Signal Multiple Access, when the physical layer is UWB, is achieved by using time hopping codes When the number of users is N u, the received signal is: k=1 k=2 k=3 k=4 TfTf N u =4 TcTc J=0 J=1 J=2 J=3

14. 14 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Pulse Position Modulation

15. 15 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Gaussian, Monocycle and Doublet Waveforms 2GHz (>1Mhz), noise like. f c typically 650 MHz – 5MHz. Tightly controlled pulse-to-pulse interval. Pulse width 0.2 –1.5 nanoseconds. Pulse-to-Pulse interval 100-1000 nano-seconds.

16. 16 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Frame Delay The quantity represents the transmitted monocycle waveform that nominally begins at time zero on the k th transmitter’s clock. The quantity represents the transmitted monocycle in the j frame.

17. 17 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Uniform Pulse Train Uniform Pulse train: the frame time (T f ) may by 100 to 1000 times the monocycle width, resulting in a signal with very low duty cycle. Multiple Access signals composed of uniformly spaced pulses are vulnerable to occasional Catastrophic Collisions. In frequency domain (Normalized)

18. 18 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Random/Pseudorandom Time- Hopping Waveform 0 2 0 3

19. 19 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Spectrum of Random/Pseudorandom Time- Hopping

20. 20 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Pulse Generator Pico-second Pulse Labs model 4050A/4100 Step Generator Driver Tektronics 11801/HP 54120A Digitizing Oscilloscope Data Acquisition Unit Balun and wideband transmitting antenna Balun and wideband receiving antenna Channel Running LabView® 6.0i pretrigger trigger trigger input Time Domain (TD) Measurement Setup LN Amplifiers

21. 21 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Acquired Signals The transmitted signal get differentiated before it is decoded Multiple reflection cannot be avoided

22. 22 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Other Multipath Scenarios

23. 23 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Areas in UWB Research Communication Interference Measurements Antenna Design Spread Spectrum Techniques Multiple Access Techniques Multi-user detection Time Hopping Codes System Performance Evaluation under different channel conditions (Gaussian, Raleigh) Coding and Diversity Applications Pulse Shaping and Modulation Measurements Signal Processing & Receiver Design Models

24. 24 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Research Groups Ultra Wideband Working Group (UWBWG) www.uwb.orgwww.uwb.org Ultra Lab Web ultra.usc.edu/ulab/ultra.usc.edu/ulab/ University of Texas, Center of Ultra Wideband Research and Engineering sgl.arlut.utexas.edu/asd/Cure/impulse.htmlsgl.arlut.utexas.edu/asd/Cure/impulse.html Time Domain Laboratory (VT) tdl.ece.vt.edu Time Domain www.time-domain.comwww.time-domain.com Bibliography Of Ultra-wideband Technology www.aetherwire.com/CDROM/General/biblio.html www.aetherwire.com/CDROM/General/biblio.html Presentations from the 1st European Ultra Wideband Workshop www.cordis.lu/ist/ka4/mobile/uwb_workshop.htm www.cordis.lu/ist/ka4/mobile/uwb_workshop.htm Ultra Wideband (UWB) Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) www.multispectral.com/UWBFAQ.html www.multispectral.com/UWBFAQ.html

25. 25 Ultra Wideband: an Emerging Wireless Technology Dr. Ali Muqaibel Working Towards UWB Wireless Communication Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel muqaibel@kfupm.edu.sa King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Electrical Engineering Department Time Domain and RF Measurements Laboratory http://tdl.ece.vt.edu/ali MPRG http://www.mprg.org