1. Ecology Notes #2 Symbiotic Relationships Food Webs Food Chains

2. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

3. Symbiotic Relationships: An Introduction  Click on the picture of the leaf cutter at the left or on this link to view a video about symbiosis. Leaf cutter videoLeaf cutter video (large version)

4. Symbiotic Relationships  Definition: Relationship where 2 species live closely together.  The word symbiosis can be broken down into two parts to determine its meaning.  sym means together (like in the words sympathy and symphony)  bio mean life (like in the words biology and biome)

5. Types of Symbiosis Relationship Type Species ASpecies B Mutualism ++ Commensalism +0 Parasitism +-

6. Mutualism  Relationship where BOTH species BENEFIT!  A + / + relationship.  Think of a normal friendship where both friends gain something from the friendship.

7. Mutualism Example... Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.

8. Commensalism  Commensalism is where one species benefits while the second species remains unaffected.  A + / 0 relationship  Think of a friendship where one of the friends benefits while the other doesn’t change. Barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale

9. Parasitism  Parasitism is the situation where one organism benefits while the other is harmed.  A + / - relationship.  Think of a friendship where you might feel used by your friend.

10. Video Examples  Example website with videos: http://www.vtaide. com/png/symbiosi s.htm http://www.vtaide. com/png/symbiosi s.htm http://www.vtaide. com/png/symbiosi s.htm

11. Predation- an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.Predation- an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.

12.  Competition - occurs when organisms attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place.

13. For Practice A lichen is a combination of two organisms, an algae and a fungus. The fungus gets its food from the algae while the algae gets water from the fungus. This is an example of which relationship? a)Competition b)Mutualism c)Parasitism d)Commensalism

14. 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect Neither is harmed so this is incorrect Means only one is being helped and the relationship has no effect on the other – also incorrect Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or

15. A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as —

16. What is helped? Both the ants and the tree. This is the definition of:

17. FOOD WEBS and FOOD CHAINS

19. Eat or be eaten  Here are some important terms that will help you describe interactions in a food web. 1. Producer (autotroph)  *can make its own food  *forms the base of the food web

20. Mmmmm…delicious. 2. Consumer (heterotroph)  cannot make its own food There are several words that describe consumers…  Prey: the hunted  Predator: the hunter  Scavenger: eats dead things  Herbivore: eats plants  Carnivore: eats animals  Omnivore: eats both plants and animals

21. Hey, you gonna eat that? 3. Decomposer  Breaks down dead organisms  Examples: bacteria, maggots, fungi, worms  They complete the circle of life by returning nutrients to the soil 4. Detritivore  Feeds on dead organic material

22. Food Chain Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Herbivore Carnivore AutotrophOmnivore ARROWS represent ENERGY FLOW!

23. Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Producers

24. Food Chain  Advantage:  Shows the path of energy transfer in an ecosystem  Disadvantages  Has an endpoint instead of showing an endless cycle  Does not show diversity among the organisms of a community

25. Food webs  All organisms need FOOD to survive!  Food webs show what eats what.  ARROWS represent ENERGY FLOW!!!

26. Food Web  Advantage:  Shows how energy flows through an ecosystem  Shows diversity among the organisms of a community  Disadvantage:  Complex

27. What is this?

30. Trophic Levels  Group of organisms whose energy source is the same number of steps away from the sun or the position in a food chain.

32. RULE OF 10  Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.  Example:  It takes 100 kgs of plant materials (producers) to support 10 kgs of herbivores  It takes 10 kgs of herbivores to support 1 kg of 1 st level predator

33. Herbivores CarnivoresCarnivores 100% 10% 1% 0.1% Producers and Decomposers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers

35. Biomass - Dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem - When trophic levels are shown in an energy pyramid, each higher level on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the level below it.

36. 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide Used by producers This is a process, not an energy source. H and J are elements which are types of matter, not energy. So our answer should be: F

37. In this food chain, the spiders are --  A producers  B primary consumers  C competitors  D secondary consumers 

38. In this food pyramid, which level contains the greatest amount of energy?   A Tertiary consumers  B Secondary consumers  C Primary consumers  D Producers

39. About 10% of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next level. What usually happens to the energy that is not passed to the next trophic level or used to carry out life processes?   A It is given off as heat.  B It is stored as vitamins.  C It is used in reproduction.  D It is used in protein synthesis.

40. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers?   F Hawks  G Weasels  H Raccoons  J Mice

41. Now, practice making food webs on the whiteboard. Label the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, herbivores, carnivores