1. Community Ecology
CHAPTER 53, 54, 55

2. The Return of Canis lupus?
How Wolves Change Rivers 4.33
NG Yellowstone Wolves 5.05
Review of Reintroduction
NG Yellowstone Wolves Playlist
The Wolf, the Moose, and the Fir Tree: A Case Study of Trophic Interactions

3. Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone
PROS
CONS
Greater Biodiversity
Add $$$- Tourism
# coyotes; # smaller prey
elk, overgrazing; Aspen trees
need for culling elk/coyote
Beaver pop; dams, rivers etc
+ Effect on Carrying Capacity of elk
Prey on Livestock; cost to ranchers
Decreases Big Game Hunting
COST $$$
Loss of Mining, hunting, logging areas
Stress conditions for elk, coyote- move to less habitable areas
Prey- neg. effect on #’s

4. ECOLOGY
“No man is an island entire of itself. Every man is a piece of a continent, a part of the main”
-John Donne

5. What is Ecology?
The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment.
Biotic Factors vs Abiotic Factors?
Ch 52

6. Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time…
**Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time….paper, steak) ex- animals, plants, bacteria, fungus
**Physical Environment (non-living) ex- water, air, dirt, rocks
HW#6

7. Individual Community Biome Ecosystem Population Biosphere1 2 3
All
Category
A + B
B only
1 Species 1 4 5 6
Can we go smaller ?

8. *self-sustaining

9. BIOSPHERE
Highest Point? Lowest Point? Living at the extremes?

10. Biomes
BIOTIC, ABIOTIC?

11. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THIS BIOME?
(adaptions)
THE TUNDRA

12. Food Chain or
Food Web?
Ch 54

14. HW#7

15. Food
Density Dependent vs
Density Independent
HW #6

16. Compare how matter and energy operate in ecosystems?
Matter and Energy in an Ecosystem
P/S:
Compare how matter and energy operate in ecosystems?
(Are they recycled)?
HW Section 4, Ch54 #9

17. CH54#9

18. NPP = GPP - CR
10% Rule
Section 4, CH54#15

19. Pyramid of Energy: Shows the energy available at each trophic level.
The size of the blocks represents the proportion of energy
Measured in Joules or Calories
CH54#13,14

20. Pyramid of biomass:
CH54#13,14

21. Pyramid of Numbers: Illustration of the number of organisms at
each level
CH54#13,14

22. Niche
Size
A species's niche includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food resources.
Brown (introduced from Cuba) and Green anole (native to Florida)
Niche- All Abiotic and biotic factors; habitat. Size?
Size of the fundamental niche vs realized- same for the ‘stronger’, smaller realized niche for the ‘weaker’
HHMI-Anoles 17.45
Ch 53

23. (Fundamental vs Realized Niche)
Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

24. Island A: Populations of B. glanula and C
Island A: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co- existing in the absence of herbivores.
Island B: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co-existing in the presence of herbivores.
Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

25. Competition Inter = Between different species
Intra = within one species
Predation
Predator
Prey
Pursuit, ambush
Battle at Kruger 8.24
Ch 53, CH51

26. Competitive Exclusion Principle p1151- G.F. Gause
No two species can co- exist in a community if they share a niche (have the same needs).
Where there is overlap, competition goes on and one species will always win out.
Competitive Exclusion Principle p1151- G.F. Gause
Ch 53

27. Plant Defenses Adaptions to improve Survival & Reproduction:
Mechanical, Chemical *Cuticle- keep water in, pathogens out; close the stomata! Spines! Thorns! *Polymers to reduce digestibility; Odor! *Essential oils- attract predatory insects to kill plant-feeding insects
Ch 53

28. COLORATION
Camouflage
Mimicry
Warning
Ch 53

29. “Cryptic Coloration” Malaysian orchid mantis Grey Cicada
Camouflage
“Cryptic Coloration”
Malaysian orchid mantis
Grey Cicada

30. Octopus Grizzly Bear 4.37Camouflage

31. Aposematic “warning” Coloration
The yellow banded poison dart frog
Aposematic “warning” Coloration

32. Mimicry
The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the dangerous model.
The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How?
While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be disadvantaged in this process. How?

33. Mimicry The ‘model’ is still an aposematic prey.
The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top) appears very similar to the noxious tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom).
However, the viceroy is actually more unpalatable than the monarch
The model benefits from being mimic- increasing numbers of toxic prey out there warning away predators
The predator is not ‘duped’- both really are harmful
Mimicry

34. Resource Partitioning
Instead of out competing another species- they co-exist
Other ways?
location
time of day
nesting sites or times
Food type
plant root depth
Ch 53

35. Symbiosis Symbiosis Mutualism +/+ Commensalism +/0 Parasitism
+/-(host)
An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species.
P/S: examples of each?
Ch 53, POGIL

36. ?
Mutualism

37. ?
Commensalism

38. ?
Mutualism

39. Ectoparasite ?
Parasitism
Ecto or endo?

40. ?
Mutualism

41. Endoparasite ?
Parasitism…..
ecto or endo?

42. Lichen:
Fungus + Algae ?
Mutualism

43. ?
Mutualism
The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa

44. Caterpillar Host to Wasp Cocoons?
Parasitism

45. ? Amensalism Black Walnut Tree-
Emits a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of other trees or shrubs nearby. ?
Amensalism

46. Keystone vs Dominant Species
Definitions: ?
P/S: Humans: keystone or dominant species?
Dominant: Most abundant species in a community
Keystone: Species that has greater influence on community structure than you would predict based on #’s. Maintains species diversity (predation)
Grey Wolf
Fig Tree ?
CH53, Ext#7
Wolves-Yellowstone 4.33

47. Succession: The orderly replacement of one community by another.
Ecological Succession A landscape altered usually by a natural disaster ?
HW# 20

48. Krakatoa Eruption 1883 36,000 people died

49. Nothing but rock …1st life form back? ?

50. Lichen

53. A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines

54. Do you always have to start with primary succession?
(Nothing but rock?)

55. Ecological Succession in a lake
Four stages of succession:
1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water.
2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water.
3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline.
4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.

56. Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease
Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans? How has human activities contributed to this lack of diversity? Text p1147 CH53

57. Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease
Low diversity areas, white-footed mouse often the last to disappear..
Mice carry Lyme disease bacterium which is transmitted to larval ticks as they feed on the mice.
In the spring, larval ticks look for hosts